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Nā ʻatikala e pili ana i ka refraction nalu

ʻO kekahi ʻano o nā nalu, ʻo ia ka refraction. Hana ʻia ka refraction ke komo kahi nalu i hele mua ma waena o kekahi medium i kahi medium ʻokoʻa. No ka laʻana, neʻe mua kahi nalu kani ma ka lewa a laila hālāwai me kahi paia, hōʻike ʻia kekahi mau nalu kani e ka paia, a hōʻike ʻia kekahi e ka paia. ʻO ke ʻano o ka refraction, ua omo ʻia a hoʻouna ʻia paha nā nalu kani i loko o ka paia, akā loli ke kuhikuhi o ka hoʻolaha ʻana. Hana ʻia ka loli o ke kuhikuhi o ka hoʻolaha ʻana no ka mea loli ka wikiwiki o ka nalu kani ke komo i kahi medium ʻokoʻa mai ka medium ma mua.

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Nā ʻatikala e pili ana i ke ʻano wehewehe a me nā ʻano o nā nalu mechanical

KA WEHEWEHE ʻANA O NĀ NALU MEKANIKA

Inā ʻoe e paʻa i kekahi wēlau o ke kaula a hoʻoluliluli iā ia i luna a i lalo, e ʻike ʻia kahi nalu e pālahalaha ana ma ke kaula. A i ʻole inā ʻoe e hoʻokuʻu i kahi pōhaku i loko o ka wai, e ʻike ʻia nā nalu ma luna o ka wai. ʻO ke kaula a me ka wai e hoʻoluliluli wale i luna a i lalo, ʻaʻole e neʻe pālahalaha. ʻO nā nalu ma ke kaula a me nā nalu i loko o ka wai he mau laʻana o nā nalu mechanical.

ʻO nā nalu mīkini he mau nalu e holo ana ma o kahi waena. ʻO nā hiʻohiʻona o nā nalu mīkini he mau nalu ma nā kaula a i ʻole nā ​​kaula, nā nalu i loko o ka wai, nā nalu kani e pālahalaha ana i loko o ka lewa, a me nā nalu ōlaʻi e pālahalaha ana i loko o ka lepo. Hiki i nā nalu ke hele i nā wahi lōʻihi ʻoiai ke waena e haʻalulu ai nā nalu a puni ke kiko kaulike.

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Ka Wehewehena o ka Noʻonoʻo ʻana a me nā Laʻana i ke ola o kēlā me kēia lā

ʻO kekahi ʻano o nā nalu ka ʻike ʻana i ka hoʻohuli ʻana. Hoʻolaha nā nalu wai kai i ke kai ke paʻi lākou i kahi pōhaku a laila huli ka nalu, pēlā nō hoʻi ka nalu wai i loko o ka ʻauʻau wai ke hālāwai me kahi paia, huli ka nalu wai i ke kuhikuhi i hele mai ai.

ʻO nā hiʻohiʻona o ka noʻonoʻo ʻana i ʻike ʻia e nā nalu kani he mau leo ​​​​a me nā leo. Hana ʻia ka reverberation ke hōʻike ʻia ke kani ʻoiai ke kani mau nei ke kumu kani. ʻO ka maʻamau, hana ʻia ka leo i loko o kahi pani ʻia. ʻOiai ke hana ʻia ka leo ke hōʻike ʻia ke kani ma hope o ke kani ʻole ʻana o ke kumu kani. Hana pinepine ʻia ka leo ma waho a ʻaʻole ia e hoʻopilikia, akā he mea hoʻonāukiuki pinepine ka reverberation no ka mea, no ka laʻana, i ka wā e kamaʻilio ana kekahi i loko o kahi lumi pani, ʻo ka hōʻike ʻana o ka leo o ke kanaka mai nā paia e lilo ai ka ʻōlelo a ke kanaka i mea palalulu. No ka lanakila ʻana i kēia, pinepine, ma nā paia o nā wahi pani ʻia e like me nā auditoriums a i ʻole nā ​​​​​​hale hoʻokani mele, ua hoʻokomo ʻia nā mea hoʻopau haʻalulu ea e hoʻouna i ke kani i ʻole e hōʻike ʻia ke kani.

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Nā ʻatikala e pili ana i ke au uila ka uku uila kahua makeneka ikaika makeneka

I ka makahiki 1819, ua ʻike kekahi kanaka ʻepekema Denemaka i kapa ʻia ʻo Hans Christian Oersted (1777-1851) i ka pilina ma waena o ka magnetism a me nā au uila a i ʻole nā ​​​​​​uku e neʻe ana. Ua ʻike ʻo ia i ka wā e kokoke ana kahi nila panana i kahi uea ola, ua hoʻohuli ʻia ke nila panana. Ke ʻole ke au, kuhikuhi ke nila panana i ka ʻākau.

He makeneka ka nila panana, no laila hiki ke hoʻoneʻe ʻia e ka ikaika makeneka. Ma hea mai ka ikaika makeneka (F)? Ma kahi kokoke i ke nila panana, aia kahi uea e lawe ana i kahi au uila i pono ai ke hoʻopuka ʻia ka ikaika makeneka e ke au uila.

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ʻO ka dielectric kahi mea hoʻokaʻawale e hoʻokaʻawale i nā papa ʻelua a i ʻole nā ​​​​pepa o ke alakaʻi ma ka capacitor. ʻO nā mea hoʻokaʻawale he mau mea hiki ʻole ke alakaʻi i ke au uila, no ka laʻana, ka plastic, ke aniani, ka pepa, a i ʻole ka lāʻau. ʻO ka hana dielectric ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka capacitance i hiki i ka capacitor ke mālama i ka uku uila hou aʻe a me ka ikehu hiki ke uila.

Hiki i kahi capacitor ke hana inā ʻaʻole e hoʻopā nā papa alakaʻi ʻelua kekahi i kekahi i ʻole e neʻe ka uku uila mai kekahi alakaʻi i kekahi. Pēlā nō, i ʻole e neʻe ka uku uila mai ke alakaʻi i ka lewa, pono ka hakahaka ma waena o nā alakaʻi ʻelua i kahi vacuum. Ma ke kumuhana e pili ana i ka papa like, ua kūkākūkā ʻia ka capacitor i ka capacitance o nā capacitors papa like i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia e kahi vacuum. Loaʻa i ka capacitance o ka capacitor i loko o kahi vacuum nā palena i hiki ai ke hoʻonui i ka capacitance, e kau i ka dielectric ma waena o nā papa ʻelua.

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ʻAtikala e pili ana i ka ikehu uila i mālama ʻia i loko o nā capacitors

Ua haku ʻia ka capacitor me nā papa alakaʻi ʻelua, a ma waena o nā alakaʻi ʻelua, aia kahi dielectric. I ka wā mua, ʻaʻohe uila o nā alakaʻi ʻelua. I mea e hana ai ka capacitor, pono e hoʻopiha ʻia kēlā me kēia papa a i ʻole ka pepa o ke alakaʻi, kahi e like ai ka nui o ka uku uila i loko o kēlā me kēia alakaʻi akā ʻokoʻa ke ʻano. Manaʻo ʻia ʻo kekahi o nā alakaʻi i hoʻopiʻi ʻia ʻo Q = +10 Coulomb , ʻo kekahi alakaʻi ʻo Q = -10 Coulomb. ʻO ke ʻano o ka uku uila like akā ʻokoʻa i nā alakaʻi ʻelua e hoʻoulu ai i kahi kahua uila ma waena o nā papa alakaʻi ʻelua, kahi e hele ai ke kuhikuhi o ke kahua uila mai ka uku maikaʻi a i ka uku maikaʻi ʻole. Eia kekahi, aia kekahi ʻokoʻa hiki uila ma waena o nā alakaʻi ʻelua, kahi i loaʻa ai i nā alakaʻi i hoʻopiʻi maikaʻi ʻia kahi hiki uila kiʻekiʻe aʻe ʻoiai ʻo nā alakaʻi i hoʻopiʻi maikaʻi ʻole he haʻahaʻa ka hiki uila.

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ʻAtikala e pili ana i ka Hoʻohālikelike o ke kaapuni capacitor

Loaʻa i kahi capacitor kahi capacitance. Inā ʻaʻole loaʻa ka capacitance e pono ai, hiki ke hoʻopili ʻia i ʻelua a ʻoi aku paha mau capacitors ʻelua e loaʻa ai ka capacitance e pono ai. I mea e hoʻopili pono ai i ka capacitor, pono ia i ka ʻike pololei e pili ana i ke kaapuni capacitor. 🙂

Ma mua o ke aʻo ʻana i ka ka mea hiki kaapuni, ʻo ka mea mua, e hoʻomaopopo i nā hōʻailona aʻe. ʻElua mau laina kū pololei ma ka hōʻailona capacitor e hōʻike ana i ʻelua mau alakaʻi ma nā capacitors pā like. Ma ka hōʻailona pila, ʻo kahi laina kū lōʻihi e hōʻike ana i kahi hiki kiʻekiʻe (+) a ʻo kahi laina kū pōkole e hōʻike ana i kahi hiki haʻahaʻa (-). ʻO ka laina ākea o ka hōʻailona capacitor a me ka hōʻailona pila e hōʻike ana i ke kaula.

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Ka wehewehe ʻana o ka Capacitance o nā capacitors

Hiki i ke aniani liʻiliʻi ke loaʻa kahi wai liʻiliʻi, ʻoiai hiki i ke aniani nui ke loaʻa ka wai hou aku. ʻO ka nui o ka nui o ke aniani, ʻo ka nui o ka wai e hiki ke hoʻopaʻa ʻia. No laila, loaʻa i kēlā me kēia aniani ka hiki ke hoʻopaʻa i ka wai. E like me ke aniani, hiki i nā capacitors ke mālama i nā uku uila a me ka ikehu hiki ke uila. ʻO ka hiki o ka capacitor ke mālama i ka uku uila a me ka ikehu hiki ke uila ua kapa ʻia ʻo capacitance.

Nā mea e pili ana i ka capacitance

ʻO ka nui o ka hiki o ke aniani ke hoʻopaʻa i ka wai e hoʻoholo ʻia e ka nui o ke aniani. Pehea e pili ana i nā capacitors, he aha ka mea e hoʻoholo ai i ka nui o ka hiki o ka capacitor ke mālama i ka uku uila?

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ʻAtikala e pili ana i ka Hoʻohui ʻana o nā Vectors

1. Nā nui o ka vector a me ka scalar

Ma waho aʻe o nā nui kumu a me nā nui i loaʻa, hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā nui kino i ʻelua ʻano ʻē aʻe, ʻo ia hoʻi nā nui scalar a me nā nui vector. ʻO nā nui e like me ka nuipa, ka mamao, ka manawa a me ka leo, he mau nui scalar, nā nui i loaʻa wale ka nui akā ʻaʻohe kuhikuhi. ʻOiai ʻo nā nui e like me ka neʻe ʻana, ka wikiwiki, ka wikiwiki, a me ka ikaika he mau nui vector, nā nui i loaʻa ka nui a loaʻa pū kekahi kuhikuhi.

a. ʻOkoʻa ma waena o ka nui calar a me ka nui vector

Inā ʻōlelo ʻoe he 400 grams ke kaumaha o ka pōpō, ua lawa kēia ʻōlelo nou e ʻike ai i ke kaumaha o ka pōpō. ʻAʻole pono ʻoe i ke kuhikuhi e ʻike ai i ke kaumaha o ka pōpō. Pēlā nō me ka manawa, ka mahana, ka nui, ka nui, a pēlā aku. Aia kekahi mau nui kino i hiki ʻole ke hōʻike ʻia ma ka nui wale nō. Inā ʻōlelo ʻoe e neʻe ana ke keiki a hiki i 100 mika, a laila ʻaʻole lawa kēia ʻōlelo. E nīnau paha ʻoe, ma hea ʻo ia i neʻe ai? He ʻākau, he hema, he hikina, a he komohana paha? Pēlā nō, inā ʻōlelo ʻoe e paʻi ʻoe i ka papaʻaina me ka ikaika o 200 N.

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ʻAtikala e pili ana i nā nui o ke kino ma ka neʻe linear

1. Manawa manawa

Ke neʻe kahi mea mai kekahi wahi a i kekahi, pono ka mea i kahi manawa kikoʻī. ʻO ka hōʻailona manawa ʻo t (manawa). ʻO ke anakahi manawa honua o ka ʻōnaehana manawa ʻo kekona (s).

2. Ka mamao a me ka neʻe ʻana

ʻO ka mamao ka lōʻihi o ke ala i lawe ʻia e kahi mea. He nui scalar ka mamao, kahi ʻaʻole hilinaʻi ka nui i ke kuhikuhi. ʻO ka hōʻailona mamao ʻo d a ʻo ke anakahi ʻōnaehana honua he mika (m).

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