Mea Hoʻouku Uila
E ʻoluʻolu e nānā i kekahi o nā mea a puni ʻoe. Inā ʻoe e luku i kahi mea, no ka laʻana he pōhaku, e māhele ka pōhaku i kekahi mau ʻāpana liʻiliʻi. Inā e kuʻi hou ʻia ka pōhaku, e lilo ka pōhaku i mau ʻāpana liʻiliʻi. Pehea inā e kuʻi hou ʻia nā ʻāpana pōhaku? ʻOiaʻiʻo, ua kuʻi ʻia nā ʻāpana pōhaku a lilo i mau ʻāpana liʻiliʻi. Hiki ke māhele ʻia nā pōhaku i mau ʻāpana liʻiliʻi a hiki i ka pau ʻole? Hōʻike ka ʻoiaʻiʻo inā e māhele ʻia kekahi mea i mau ʻāpana liʻiliʻi e hiki i kahi e hiki ʻole ai ke māhele ʻia ka ʻāpana liʻiliʻi o ka mea i mau ʻāpana liʻiliʻi. ʻO ka ʻāpana liʻiliʻi loa o kahi mea hiki ʻole ke māhele hou ʻia ua kapa ʻia ʻo ia he ʻātoma. No laila, ʻo ka ʻātoma ka ʻāpana liʻiliʻi loa o kēlā me kēia mea o ke ao holoʻokoʻa.
Ka Uila Uila i loko o nā ʻĀtoma
Ua haku ʻia nā ʻātoma me nā electrons, protons, a me nā neutrons. Hoʻokumu nā protons a me nā neutrons i ka nucleus atomic, nona ka nui ma kahi o 10-15 mika . Aia nā electrons ma waho o ka nucleus a kaʻapuni iā ia e like me nā hōkūhele e kaʻapuni ana i ka lā. Ke manaʻo nei he mau kilomita ke anawaena o kahi ʻātoma, ua like ka nui o ka nucleus me ka pōpō biliard, me nā electrons i loko o ka nucleus, e hiki ana i kahi mamao o kahi o 10-10 mika . Aia kahi hakahaka ma waena o ka nucleus a me kahi electron.
Aia nā electrons i hoʻopiʻi maikaʻi ʻole ma nā kihi o ka ʻātoma, a aia nā protons i hoʻopiʻi maikaʻi ʻia i loko o ka nucleus. I mea e hoʻomau ai i nā electrons e kaapuni ana i ka nucleus a ʻaʻole e pakele mai ka ʻātoma, pono ka nucleus i hoʻopiʻi maikaʻi ʻia e hoʻokau i kahi ikaika hoʻowalewale ma luna o nā electrons. ʻO kēia ikaika, ka mea e hoʻomau ai i nā electrons e kaapuni ana i ka nucleus a pale iā lākou mai ka pakele ʻana, ua kapa ʻia ʻo ia ka ikaika uila.
I ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, aia i loko o ka nucleus atomika nā protons i hoʻopiʻi maikaʻi ʻia, no laila e kipaku maoli lākou kekahi i kekahi no ka mea he like ko lākou hoʻopiʻi. No ka mālama ʻana i nā protons i loko o ka nucleus atomika a pale iā lākou mai ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana mai ka atomika, pono ka ikaika e hoʻopaʻa iā lākou. ʻO ka ikaika e hoʻopaʻa ana i nā protons i loko o ka nucleus atomika ua kapa ʻia ʻo ka ikaika nucleus.
ʻAneʻane like ke kaumaha o ka proton me ke kaumaha o ka neutron. Ma kahi o 99,9% o ke kaumaha o kahi ʻātoma i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i loko o ka nucleus, ʻoiai he liʻiliʻi loa ke kaumaha o nā electrons. ʻO ke kaumaha o kahi electron (m e ) = 9,1093897 x 10 -31 kg, ʻo ke kaumaha o ka neutron (m n ) = 1,6749286 x 10 -27 kg, a ʻo ke kaumaha o ka proton (m p ) = 1,6726231 x 10 -27 kg.
Ka nui o ka uku uila
Ua hoʻopiʻi maikaʻi ʻia nā electrons, ua hoʻopiʻi maikaʻi ʻia nā protons, a ua kūlike ʻole nā neutrons i ka uila. ʻO nā protons a me nā neutrons e hana ana i ka nucleus atomika ua hana ʻia me nā quarks, nona nā uku ma kahi o 1/3 a ma kahi o 2/3 manawa o nā electrons. ʻO nā Quarks nā ʻāpana liʻiliʻi loa e hana ana i nā ʻātoma, akā a hiki i kēia manawa, ʻaʻole i ʻike ʻia nā quarks e noho hoʻokahi ana ma ke ʻano he mau ʻāpana hoʻokahi.
ʻO ka nui o ka uku uila a i ʻole ka uku proton ke anakahi kumu o ka uku. ʻO ka nui o ka uku uila o kahi mea he nui o ka uku electron a i ʻole ka uku proton. Ua kapa ʻia kēia he uku quantized . No ka laʻana, inā ʻo ka liʻiliʻi loa o ke kālā a mākou e hoʻohana ai he 100 rupiah, a laila ua hōʻike ʻia ka nui o ke kālā a ke kanaka ma nā nui o ke kālā liʻiliʻi loa, ʻo ia hoʻi he 100 rupiah. No ka laʻana, ʻo ka nui o kaʻu kālā he 100.000 a hiki ke puʻunaue ʻia kēia 100.000 e 100. He mea kupanaha inā ʻo ka nui o kaʻu kālā he 100.002 no ka mea ʻaʻohe inoa o 2 rupiah. Pēlā nō, ʻo ka nui o ka uku o kahi mea. ʻO ka nui o ka uku o kahi electron he -e a ʻo ka nui o ka uku o kahi proton he +e. ʻO ka nui o ka uku o kahi mea he nui o e a i ʻole 1,60 x 10 -19 Coulomb a hiki ke hōʻike ʻia ma o Q = ±Ne. Q = ka nui o ka uku, ± ke ʻano o ka uku, N = helu holoʻokoʻa, e = 1,60 x 10 -19 Coulomb.
Ka Uila Uila i nā Mea
Inā loaʻa i kahi ʻātoma ka helu like o nā electrons me nā protons, a laila ʻo ka huina o ka uku uila i loko o ka ʻātoma he ʻole, a he kūlike ʻole ka ʻātoma, ʻo ia hoʻi, ʻaʻohe ona uku uila. ʻO ka helu o nā protons a i ʻole nā electrons i loko o kahi ʻātoma kūlike ʻole ua kapa ʻia ʻo ka helu atomic (Z) . Inā ʻoi aku ka nui o nā electrons ma mua o nā protons, ua hoʻopiʻi maikaʻi ʻia ka ʻātoma. I ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, inā he emi nā electrons ma mua o nā protons, ua hoʻopiʻi maikaʻi ʻia ka ʻātoma. Ua kapa ʻia nā ʻātoma i hoʻopiʻi maikaʻi ʻia he mau ion maikaʻi ʻole , ʻoiai ua kapa ʻia nā ʻātoma i hoʻopiʻi maikaʻi ʻia he mau ion maikaʻi . ʻO ke kaʻina hana o ka omo ʻana a i ʻole ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana i nā electrons mai kahi ʻātoma ua kapa ʻia ʻo ionization . Ke ʻōlelo mākou ua hoʻopiʻi ʻia kahi ʻātoma, ʻo ia hoʻi ka uku holoʻokoʻa a i ʻole ka uku net. No ka laʻana, he 10 mau electrons a me 7 mau protons kahi ʻātoma. Ua hoʻopiʻi maikaʻi ʻole ʻia kēia ʻātoma no ka mea he 3 mau electrons i hoʻopiʻi maikaʻi ʻole ʻia. No laila, ʻo ka uku net o kēia ʻātoma he 3, a ʻo ke ʻano o ka uku atomic he maikaʻi ʻole. ʻO nā helu 3, 7, 10 he mau laʻana wale nō e maʻalahi ai ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana. ʻO ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, ʻo ka nui o ka uku uila o kahi mea he multiple o ka uku electron a i ʻole ka uku proton.
Inā like ka nui o nā electrons o kahi mea me nā protons, a laila kūlike ʻole ka mea a ʻaʻohe ona uku uila. Inā ʻoi aku ka nui o nā electrons o kahi mea ma mua o nā protons a laila he uku maikaʻi ʻole ka mea, i ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe inā ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o nā electrons o kahi mea ma mua o nā protons a laila he uku maikaʻi ka mea. Hiki ke hoʻolilo i kahi mea kūlike ʻole i hoʻopiʻi maikaʻi ʻole ʻia ma ka hoʻohui ʻana i nā electrons i ka mea, ʻoiai hiki ke hoʻolilo i kahi mea i hoʻopiʻi maikaʻi ʻia ma ka hoʻemi ʻana i nā electrons i loko o ka mea.
