Nā nīnau hoʻohālike no nā kumumanaʻo nalu
He mau hanana kino nā nalu e pāʻani ana i kahi kuleana koʻikoʻi i nā ʻano he nui o ke ola o kēlā me kēia lā a me ka ʻepekema. ʻO ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i nā kumumanaʻo kumu o nā nalu e hiki ai iā mākou ke hoʻomaopopo maikaʻi i ke ao a puni mākou. Ma kēia ʻatikala, e kūkākūkā mākou i nā pilikia hoʻohālike like ʻole e pili ana i nā kumumanaʻo nalu koʻikoʻi, e like me nā nalu mechanical, nā nalu electromagnetic, a me nā hanana pili ʻē aʻe.
Ka Hoʻomaopopo Kumu o nā Nalu
He haunaele ka nalu e laha ana ma o kahi waena (e like me ka wai a i ʻole ka ea) a i ʻole ka lewa. Hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā nalu ma muli o ke ʻano o kā lākou laha ʻana a me ke waena a lākou e hele ai. ʻO nā ʻano nui ʻelua, ʻo ia nā nalu mechanical, e pono ai kahi waena, a me nā nalu electromagnetic, hiki ke laha me ka ʻole o kahi waena. Hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā nalu i nā nalu transverse a me nā nalu longitudinal e pili ana i ke kuhikuhi o ka oscillation particle i loko o ka waena.
Nā Laʻana o nā Kumumanaʻo Nalu
Kumumanaʻo o ka Superposition
ʻŌlelo ke kumumanaʻo o ka superposition i ka wā e hui ai ʻelua a ʻoi aku paha mau nalu i loko o kahi medium, ʻo ka hopena o ka interference ma ia wahi ʻo ia ka huina vector o nā amplitudes o kēlā me kēia nalu. He mea koʻikoʻi kēia kumumanaʻo no ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i nā hanana interference.
Laʻana o ka pilikia Superposition:
Hālāwai ʻelua mau nalu sinusoidal ma kahi kiko ma luna o ka ʻili wai me nā amplitudes A1 = 3 cm a me A2 = 4 cm, kēlā me kēia. Inā like kēia mau nalu ʻelua i ka pae, e hoʻoholo i ka amplitude o ka nalu hopena.
Pane:
ʻOiai ʻo nā nalu ʻelua ma ke ʻano pae, ʻo ka amplitude o ka nalu hopena ka huina o nā amplitudes ʻelua:
\[ A_{\kikokikona{huina}} = A_1 + A_2 = 3 \, \kikokikona{cm} + 4 \, \kikokikona{cm} = 7 \, \kikokikona{cm} \]
Ke Kānāwai o Snell
Pili ke kānāwai o Snell i ka refraction o nā nalu ke komo lākou i kahi ʻano like ʻole, no ka laʻana mai ka ea a i ka wai. Hōʻike ʻia kēia e ke ʻano hana:
\[ n_1 \sin \theta_1 = n_2 \sin \theta_2 \]
kahi ʻo \( n_1 \) a me \( n_2 \) nā ʻōkuhi refractive o ka medium 1 a me 2, a ʻo \(\theta_1\) a me \(\theta_2\) nā kihi o ka incidence a me ka refraction.
Nā nīnau hoʻohālike no ka refraction:
Hele kahi kukuna o ke kukui mai ka lewa (refractive index = 1) a komo i loko o ka wai (refractive index = 1.33) ma ke kihi o ka hiki ʻana mai o 30°. E hoʻoholo i ke kihi o ka refraction i loko o ka wai.
Pane:
Ke hoʻohana nei i ke kānāwai o Snell:
\[ 1 \cdot \sin(30^\circ) = 1.33 \cdot \sin(\theta_2) \]
\[ \sin(30^\circ) = 0.5 \]
\[ 0.5 = 1.33 \cdot \sin(\theta_2) \]
\[ \sin(\theta_2) = \frac{0.5}{1.33} \approx 0.376 \]
\[ \theta_2 = \sin^{-1}(0.376) \approx 22.2^\circ \]
Ka Hanana Diffraction
ʻO ka diffraction ka pelu ʻana o nā nalu ke hālāwai lākou me nā pilikia a hele i waena o nā hakahaka haiki, a ʻoi aku ka ʻike ʻia o kēia hanana inā like ka nui o ka hakahaka me ka nalu.
Nā nīnau hoʻohālike o ka diffraction:
Hele kahi nalu kani me ka nalu o 0,5 mika ma o kahi ʻāpana he 1 mika ka laulā. E kūkākūkā pehea e hoʻopilikia ai kēia i ka diffraction o ka nalu.
Pane:
No ka mea, ʻoi aku ka laulā o ka ʻoki ma mua o ka nalu, ʻike nā nalu kani i ka diffraction, akā ʻaʻole koʻikoʻi. Inā ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o ka laulā o ka ʻoki a like paha me ka nalu, e ʻoi aku ka ʻike ʻia o ka diffraction.
Nā Nalu Uila
ʻO nā nalu electromagnetic (EM) e komo pū me nā nalu lekiō, nā microwaves, ke kukui infrared, ke kukui ʻike ʻia, ke kukui ultraviolet, nā kukuna X, a me nā kukuna gamma. ʻAʻole e like me nā nalu mechanical, ʻaʻole pono nā nalu EM i kahi medium e hoʻolaha.
Ke Kānāwai o Planck
Hiki ke nānā pinepine ʻia ke ʻano o nā nalu electromagnetic mai ka manaʻo o ka physics hou, e like me ke kānāwai o Planck e ʻōlelo nei he kūlike ka ikehu o kahi proton me kona alapine (frequency):
\[ E = h \cdot f \]
kahi ʻo \( E \) ka ikehu, ʻo \( h \) ke kūpaʻa o Planck (\(6.626 \times 10^{-34} \, \text{Js}\)), a ʻo \( f \) ke alapine (frequency).
Nā nīnau hoʻohālike no ka nalo uila:
Inā ʻo ke alapine (frequency) o ke kukui ultraviolet he \(8 \times 10^{14} \, \text{Hz}\), he aha kona ikehu?
Pane:
\[ E = 6.626 \times 10^{-34} \, \text{Js} \times 8 \times 10^{14} \, \text{Hz} = 5.301 \times 10^{-19} \, \text{J} \]
Pani
He mea nui ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i nā kumumanaʻo kumu o nā nalu no ke aʻo ʻana i ka physics a me kāna mau noi i ka ʻenehana o kēlā me kēia lā. Mai nā kumumanaʻo o ka superposition a i ka refraction a i ka diffraction, hāʻawi lākou i ka ʻike i ke ʻano o ka launa pū ʻana o nā nalu me ko lākou kaiapuni a hoʻohuli i nā hanana a mākou e nānā ai.
Ma o nā hiʻohiʻona i hōʻike ʻia, hiki iā mākou ke loaʻa kahi ʻike hohonu o ke ʻano o ka hoʻopili ʻia ʻana o kēia mau kumumanaʻo, me ka hoʻoikaika ʻana i ko mākou ʻike i ke kumumanaʻo holoʻokoʻa o nā nalu. I ka ʻepekema holomua, ke hoʻomau nei ka hoʻohana ʻia ʻana o kēia mau loina ma nā kahua e like me ke kelepona, ka optics, a me ke cosmology, e lilo ana lākou i kahua koʻikoʻi no nā haumāna physics a me nā mea noiʻi e hoʻomaopopo.
