Fahimtar ƙarfin aiki
Ƙaramin gilashi zai iya ɗaukar ƙaramin ruwa, yayin da babban gilashi zai iya ɗaukar ƙarin ruwa. Girman gilashin, haka nan yawan ruwan da zai iya ɗauka. Don haka, kowane gilashi yana da ƙarfinsa, ko ma'aunin ƙarfin riƙe ruwa. Kamar gilashi, capacitors kuma suna da ikon adana wutar lantarki da makamashin wutar lantarki. Ƙarfin capacitor, ko ma'aunin ikonsa na adana wutar lantarki da makamashin wutar lantarki, ana kiransa capacitance.
Abubuwan da ke shafar ƙarfin aiki
Girman ƙarfin gilashi don riƙe ruwa ana ƙayyade shi ta hanyar girmansa. Yaya batun capacitors? Me ke ƙayyade girman ƙarfin capacitor don adana cajin lantarki?
Hoton da ke ƙasa yana nuna wani simple capacitor wanda ya ƙunshi faranti guda biyu masu jagoranci waɗanda aka raba ta wani tazara. Kafin a haɗa su da tushen wutar lantarki, kamar baturi, faranti biyun ba a caji su ba. Sannan, faranti ɗaya yana haɗe da tagar baturi mai kyau ɗayan kuma yana haɗe da tagar mara kyau ta amfani da wayoyi.
Bayan an haɗa shi da tashar baturi mai kyau, cajin da ke cikin batirin yana jan hankalin electrons masu caji mara kyau a kan farantin, wanda hakan ke sa su matsa zuwa tashar baturi mai kyau. Wannan yana sa farantin ya sami ƙarancin electrons (cajin mara kyau) da kuma yawan protons (cajin mai kyau), wanda ke haifar da caji mai kyau.
Hakazalika, bayan haɗa farantin zuwa ga tashar batir mai rauni, cajin da ke kan farantin yana jawo electrons masu rauni a kan tashar batir mai rauni, wanda hakan ke sa electrons su matsa zuwa farantin. Wannan yana sa farantin ya sami ƙarin electrons, wanda hakan ke sa ya yi caji mara kyau.
Tsarin canja wurin lantarki tsakanin faranti da batirin ya tsaya bayan bambancin da ke tsakanin faranti biyu ya yi daidai da bambancin da ke tsakanin sandunan batirin guda biyu.
Ta yaya cajin wutar lantarki a kan faranti biyu na jagora zai iya ƙaruwa? A wata ma'anar, me za a yi don sake haifar da canja wurin lantarki? Canja wurin lantarki yana faruwa ne kawai lokacin da bambancin ƙarfin lantarki tsakanin sandunan biyu na baturi ya fi bambancin ƙarfin lantarki tsakanin faranti biyu na jagora. Domin canja wurin lantarki ya sake faruwa ta yadda cajin wutar lantarki a kan kowane faranti na jagora zai ƙaru, ana maye gurbin batirin da aka yi amfani da shi da wani baturi ko wani tushen ƙarfin lantarki wanda ke da babban bambancin ƙarfin lantarki. Canja wurin lantarki yana tsayawa lokacin da bambancin yuwuwar tushen ƙarfin lantarki ya yi daidai da bambancin yuwuwar na mai riƙe da ƙarfin lantarki, don haka idan bambancin yuwuwar tushen ƙarfin lantarki ya fi girma, bambancin yuwuwar na mai riƙe da ƙarfin lantarki shi ma ya fi girma.
Bisa ga bitar da aka yi a sama, za a iya kammala da cewa girman cajin wutar lantarki da aka adana a kan kowanne farantin jagora, haka nan girman bambancin ƙarfin wutar lantarki tsakanin farantin jagora guda biyu. Saboda haka, cajin wutar lantarki (Q) yana daidai da bambancin ƙarfin wutar lantarki (V). Alaƙar da ke tsakanin cajin wutar lantarki da bambancin ƙarfin wutar lantarki an bayyana ta a cikin wannan rabo:
Qα V
Ana canza daidaiton da ke sama zuwa lissafi ta hanyar ƙara daidaiton daidaito C:
Q = CV ko C = Q / V
Bayani: Q = cajin lantarki (Coulomb), V = bambancin yuwuwar lantarki ko ƙarfin lantarki (Volt), C = daidaiton daidaito, wanda ake kira ƙarfin capacitor.
Ƙimar ƙarfin ba ta dogara ne akan cajin lantarki da ƙarfin lantarki ba, amma ya dogara ne akan siffar da girman farantin jagora. An bayyana shaidar lissafi cewa ƙarfin yana dogara ne akan siffar da girman farantin jagora a cikin labarin game da nau'ikan capacitors bisa ga siffar farantin jagora, wato capacitors na farantin layi ɗaya , capacitors na silinda , da capacitors na zagaye . A cikin labarin, an ɗauka cewa akwai sarari tsakanin farantin jagora guda biyu.
Ƙarfin capacitor kuma ya dogara ne akan halayen kayan da ke tsakanin faranti biyu masu gudanarwa. Ana kiran kayan da ke tsakanin faranti biyu masu gudanarwa dielectric . An tattauna zurfin ƙarfin capacitor mai dielectric a cikin labarin akan madaidaitan dielectric.
Naúrar ƙarfin aiki
Naúrar cajin lantarki ita ce Coulomb kuma naúrar bambancin ƙarfin lantarki ita ce Volt, don haka bisa ga lissafin capacitance da ke sama, naúrar capacitance ita ce Coulomb per Volt (C/V), wanda kuma ake kira Farad (F) wanda ya fito daga sunan masanin kimiyyar Burtaniya Michael Faraday (1791-1867). Don haka Farad 1 = 1 Coulomb/Volt.
Misali, capacitor yana da darajar Farads guda 2, ma'ana capacitor yana adana cajin wutar lantarki na +2 Coulombs akan ɗaya daga cikin faranti na conductor da -2 Coulombs akan ɗayan farantin conductor, inda faranti na conductor guda biyu suna da yuwuwar bambanci na 1 Volt. Idan an haɗa batirin Volt 12 da capacitor, ɗaya daga cikin faranti na conductor zai sami cajin wutar lantarki na Q = CV = (2)(Volts 12) = +24 Coulombs yayin da ɗayan farantin conductor zai sami cajin -24 Coulombs.
Ya kamata a lura cewa Farad babban na'ura ce ta ƙarfin aiki don haka galibi ana amfani da ƙananan na'urori, wato microFarad wanda aka rage girmansa μF (10 -6 Farad) zuwa picoFarad wanda aka rage girmansa pF (10 -12 Farad). An tattauna lissafin lissafi don nuna cewa Farad babban na'ura ce a cikin misalin capacitor farantin layi ɗaya.
