Ka'idar Tarihin Halitta ta Alfred Schutz
Alfred Schutz (1899–1959) an san shi a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan mutane da ke haɗa falsafar ilimin halittar jiki da kimiyyar zamantakewa, musamman ilimin zamantakewa. Yayin da ilimin halittar jiki na Edmund Husserl ya mayar da hankali sosai kan tsarin sani da yadda abubuwa ke bayyana a cikin gogewa, Schutz ya kawo wannan hanyar zuwa ga duniyar rayuwar zamantakewa ta yau da kullun. Ga Schutz, gaskiyar zamantakewa ba wani abu bane da ke "kawai yana wanzuwa" a wajen mutane, amma yana da tsari, rayuwa, kuma ana ba shi ma'ana ta hanyar sani da hulɗa. Saboda haka, galibi ana fahimtar ka'idar yanayin halittar jiki ta Schutz a matsayin yunƙurin bayyana yadda mutane ke fahimtar duniyar zamantakewa da kuma aiki a cikinta bisa ga ma'anonin da suka gina.
Bayani da Tasirin Tunani
An haifi Schutz a ƙasar Austria kuma ya yi tasiri sosai a kan manyan abubuwa guda biyu: ilimin Husserl da kuma ilimin zamantakewa na fassara na Max Weber. Daga Husserl, Schutz ya ɗauki hankali kan ƙwarewar mai magana, da niyya (sani koyaushe yana "zuwa ga" wani abu), da kuma yadda duniya ke bayyana a matsayin mai ma'ana. Daga Weber, ya ɗauki ra'ayin verstehen - fahimtar fassarar ayyukan zamantakewa. Schutz ya haɗa biyun: ayyukan zamantakewa za a iya fahimtar su ne kawai idan masu bincike suka kama ma'anonin da 'yan wasan kwaikwayo ke da su a rayuwarsu ta yau da kullun.
Saboda haka, ana iya ɗaukar ilimin Schutz a matsayin ilimin zamantakewa: ba wai kawai fahimtar mutum ɗaya ba ce a cikin taƙaice, amma fahimtar mutane da ke rayuwa tare da wasu, suna raba alamomi, harshe, halaye, da kuma ayyukan zamantakewa.
Duniyar Rayuwa (Lebenswelt) da Gaskiyar Yau da Kullum
Babban ra'ayi a cikin aikin Schutz shine duniyar rayuwa (Lebenswelt), duniyar da muke ɗauka a matsayin ta al'ada, wacce take wanzuwa "ta halitta," kuma tana aiki a matsayin tushen ayyukanmu na yau da kullun. A duniyar rayuwa, mutane ba sa yawan tambayar komai ta hanyar falsafa. Muna yin ayyukanmu na yau da kullun: aiki, karatu, siyayya, magana da wasu, tantance yanayi, da kuma yanke shawara bisa ga fahimta mai amfani.
A cewar Schutz, duniyar rayuwa ba a ɗaukarta da wasa ba. Misali, idan wani ya hau sufuri na jama'a, yawanci ba sa sake tunani game da dukkan ƙa'idodin zamantakewa a ka'ida. Sun "san" yadda ake yin hali: tsayawa a layi, biya, neman wurin zama, ko neman izini. Wannan ilimin ba koyaushe yake da hankali ba, amma yana aiki azaman tushen da ke ba da damar aiwatar da aiki.
Bambancin ra'ayi: Ma'anar da Aka Raba
Duk da cewa galibi ana sukar ilimin halittar jiki saboda yawan son kai, Schutz ya tabbatar da cewa kwarewar ɗan adam koyaushe tana wanzuwa a cikin tsarin hulɗar kai, duniyar ma'ana da aka raba wa wasu. Muna fahimtar magana, motsin rai, ko al'adu saboda muna zaune a cikin al'ummomin da ke raba ko raba irin wannan ilimin da halaye.
Hadin kai yana ba da damar sadarwa da daidaita ayyuka. Idan wani ya ce, "Don Allah a rufe ƙofar," wasu suna fahimtar ma'anar, ba kawai sautin kalmomin ba. Wannan fahimtar tana faruwa ne saboda harshe da yanayin zamantakewa suna ba da tsarin ma'ana iri ɗaya. A ra'ayin Schutz, al'umma tana aiki ne saboda mutane suna da ikon ɗauka cewa wasu suna fassara duniya ta hanya ɗaya ko ƙasa da haka.
Hannun Ilimi da Kwaikwayo
Ɗaya daga cikin manyan gudummawar da Schutz ya bayar ita ce ra'ayin tarin ilimi da ke hannunsu, tarin gogewa, bayanai, halaye, da nau'ikan aiki da mutum ke da su da kuma amfani da su don fahimtar yanayi. Wannan tarin ilimi ba a gina shi a ware ba; ana isar da shi ta hanyar iyali, ilimi, kafofin watsa labarai, al'ada, da hulɗar zamantakewa.
Iliminmu yana aiki ta hanyar kwatantawa, tsarin haɗa mutane, abubuwan da suka faru, ko ayyuka zuwa "nau'ikan" waɗanda ke taimaka mana mu kewaya rayuwar zamantakewa. Misali, muna da siffofi na "malami," "likita," "jami'in 'yan sanda," "abokin ciniki," ko "aboki na kud da kud." Siffofin suna taimaka mana mu annabta yadda za mu yi hali da abin da za mu yi tsammani daga wasu. Duk da haka, siffofin na iya zama tushen ra'ayoyi marasa tushe idan an riƙe su da tsauri.
Tare da yin rubutu, duniyar zamantakewa ta zama mai tsari da kuma annabtawa. Ba sai mun gina fahimtarmu daga farko ba duk lokacin da muka haɗu da wani sabo, domin muna amfani da nau'ikan da gogewa na baya a matsayin "taswira" ta farko.
Dalilan Aiki: "Saboda Dalilai" da "Dalilai Bisa Tsarin Dalilai"
Schutz kuma ya bambanta nau'ikan dalilai guda biyu a cikin ayyukan zamantakewa:
1. Dalilin "saboda" (muhimmin dalili): dalili da ya samo asali daga abubuwan da suka gabata, abubuwan da suka faru a baya, ko yanayi da ke siffanta mutum. Wannan yana bayyana ayyuka ta hanyar duban tarihinsa. Misali, wani ya zaɓi yin shiru a lokacin taro "saboda" an taɓa wulaƙanta shi lokacin da yake magana.
2. Muradi "a-tsari-zu" (um-zu-Motive): manufofin da za a cimma a nan gaba. Yana kwatanta aiki a matsayin wani abu da aka nufa. Misali, wani yana yin karatu tukuru don "ci" jarrabawa da samun aiki.
Wannan bambanci yana da mahimmanci domin ba za a iya fahimtar ayyukan ɗan adam kawai ta fuskar dalilai da tasirin waje ba. Ayyuka ayyuka ne masu ma'ana, kuma wannan ma'anar galibi tana da alaƙa da manufofin ɗan wasan kwaikwayo, tsare-tsarensa, da fassarar yanayin.
Girman Lokaci da Sani a cikin Kwarewar Zamantakewa
Ga Schutz, ƙwarewar ɗan adam koyaushe tana da alaƙa da lokaci. Muna fassara abubuwan da ke faruwa a yanzu ta hanyar komawa ga abubuwan da suka gabata (kwarewa da aka adana a matsayin abubuwan tunawa) da kuma makomar (bege, tsare-tsare, da yuwuwarsu). Saboda haka, ayyukan zamantakewa suna da tsari na ɗan lokaci: mutum yana fassara wani yanayi, yana la'akari da yuwuwar, sannan ya yi aiki.
A rayuwar yau da kullum, mutane ba koyaushe suke shiga cikin zurfin tunani ba, amma maimakon haka suna dogara ne akan "hankali mai amfani" wanda ke ci gaba da tsara abubuwan da suka faru na ɗan lokaci. Wannan yana taimakawa wajen bayyana dalilin da yasa mutane biyu zasu iya ba da ma'anoni daban-daban ga taron ɗaya: kowannensu yana kawo asali daban-daban na gogewa da kuma alkiblar da za a fuskanta nan gaba.
Hulɗar Jama'a: "Mu" da "Su"
Schutz ya kuma tattauna yadda kusancin dangantaka ke shafar yadda muke fahimtar wasu. A cikin dangantaka ta kai tsaye, ta kud da kud, ma'ana na iya ginawa mai wadata saboda mu'amala akai-akai, gogewa da aka raba, da kuma saba da juna. Wannan galibi ana kiransa yanayin "mu" (mu-dangantaka). Sabanin haka, tare da wasu waɗanda muke nesa ko ba mu san su ba (dangantaka), muna dogara ne akan siffofi na gabaɗaya, waɗanda ba su da cikakkun bayanai.
Misali, muna fahimtar abokai ta hanyar abubuwan da suka faru na zahiri da tattaunawa mai zurfi, amma muna fahimtar "ma'aikatan hidima" ko "mutane a kan titi" ta hanyar nau'ikan zamantakewa da ake da su. Wannan bambanci yana nuna cewa fahimtar zamantakewa tana wanzuwa a matakai daban-daban, tun daga na mutum zuwa na wanda ba a san shi ba.
Tasirin Hanyoyi a Kimiyyar Zamantakewa
Ilimin yanayin Schutz ya yi tasiri sosai kan hanyoyin bincike na inganci, musamman hanyoyin fassara kamar ilimin ethnomethodology da hulɗar alama. A cikin bincikensa, Schutz ya ƙarfafa masana kimiyyar zamantakewa su:
– Fahimtar ayyukan ɗan adam daga mahangar ɗan wasan kwaikwayo (ma'anar ra'ayi).
- Bin diddigin tarin ilimi, ayyuka, da kuma siffofi da 'yan wasan kwaikwayo ke amfani da su.
– Ka fahimci cewa gaskiyar zamantakewa an gina ta ne ta hanyar fassarar ra'ayoyi daban-daban, ba kawai ta hanyar gaskiya mai ma'ana ba.
Saboda haka, ana ɗaukar yin tambayoyi masu zurfi, lura da mahalarta, da kuma nazarin gogewa ta rayuwa a matsayin waɗanda suka dace da ruhin yanayin Schutz. Masu bincike ba wai kawai suna tattara bayanan ɗabi'a ba, har ma suna ƙoƙarin kama "duniyar ma'ana" da ke ƙarƙashin wannan ɗabi'ar.
Suka da Muhimmancin Zamani
Duk da tasirinta, ka'idar Schutz ta kuma fuskanci suka. Wasu suna jayayya cewa hanyarsa ta fi jaddada ma'anoni na zahiri da ayyukan yau da kullun, don haka tana fifita tsarin iko, rikice-rikice, ko rashin daidaiton zamantakewa da ke tsara gogewa. Duk da haka, masu tunani da yawa daga baya sun haɓaka hanyar da ta dace don haɗawa da girman iko da cibiyoyi.
A cikin yanayin zamani - misali, kafofin watsa labarun - ra'ayoyin Schutz sun kasance masu dacewa. Hulɗar dijital tana nuna yadda siffofi ke samuwa cikin sauri, yadda aka tsara hannun jarin ilimi ta hanyar algorithms da al'ummomin kan layi, da kuma yadda hulɗar fahimta ke aiki a cikin wurare waɗanda ba koyaushe suke fuska da fuska ba. Ana iya bincika abubuwan da suka faru kamar "asali na kan layi," "al'adar sharhi," da "ƙwarewa" a matsayin hanyoyin yin ma'ana a cikin sabbin duniyoyin rayuwa.
Penutup
Ka'idar Alfred Schutz ta sanya ma'ana a tsakiyar nazarin rayuwar zamantakewa. Ya nuna cewa an gina al'umma ne daga ayyukan da 'yan wasa suka fahimta kuma suka fassara a cikin duniyar rayuwa da ake ɗauka ta halitta. Ta hanyar ra'ayoyin duniyar rayuwa, hulɗar ra'ayi, tarin ilimi, kwatancen abubuwa, da dalilai na aiki, Schutz yana ba da kayan aiki don fahimtar yadda ake "samar da gaskiyar zamantakewa" kowace rana ta hanyar fassara da hulɗa. Ga kimiyyar zamantakewa, gudummawar Schutz ba wai kawai ra'ayi ba ne har ma da hanyar da ake bi: fahimtar mutane ta hanyar kusantar hanyoyinsu na fassara duniya.
