Ka'idar Derrida da Rushewar Gine-gine
Pengantar
Jacques Derrida yana ɗaya daga cikin masana falsafa mafi tasiri a ƙarni na 20, wanda aka fi sani da shi saboda haɓaka ka'idar rushewar gini. Rushewar gini ba wai kawai yana ba da suka ga tsarin harshe, rubutu, da ma'ana ba, har ma yana ba da sabuwar hanyar fahimtar alaƙar da ke tsakanin rubutu, mahallin, da fassarar. Ta hanyar amfani da ƙa'idodin rushewar gini, Derrida yana ƙalubalantar zato na asali da aka yarda da su sosai a cikin falsafar gargajiya da ka'idar adabi. Wannan labarin yana da nufin zurfafa zurfafa cikin rayuwar Derrida da kuma tasirin da ka'idar rushewar gini ke da shi da kuma amfani da shi.
Tarihin Jacques Derrida
An haifi Jacques Derrida a ranar 15 ga Yuli, 1930, a El Biar, Algeria, wani ɓangare na daular mulkin mallaka ta Faransa a lokacin. Derrida ya yi karatu a École Normale Supérieure (ENS) da ke Paris, wata cibiyar ilimi mai zurfi wadda ta samar da manyan masana Faransa da yawa, sannan ya ci gaba da samun digirin digirgir a Sorbonne. Derrida ya fara samun karbuwa ta hanyar jerin wallafe-wallafe a shekarun 1960, musamman littafinsa "Of Grammatology" (1967), wanda aka amince da shi a matsayin babban aiki a cikin gabatar da rushewar gini.
Rage Gine-gine a Matsayin Hanyar Falsafa
A fahimtar Derrida, Rushewar ...
Muhimmin hanyar da za a bi wajen rage girman harshe shine nazarin rubutu don nuna yadda ma'anoni masu haske za su iya gurgunta ta hanyar tsarin harshe. Derrida ya ƙi ra'ayin cewa harshe hanya ce ta tsaka-tsaki don isar da gaskiya ko gaskiya da ta riga ta wanzu. Madadin haka, ya yi jayayya cewa harshe tsari ne mai ƙarfi, koyaushe yana cikin tsarin ƙirƙira da wargazawa.
Tsarin Logocentric da Bambanci
Ɗaya daga cikin manyan gudummawar da Derrida ta bayar ita ce sukar tsarin haɗin gwiwa, imani da cewa dabaru, hankali, ko tambari su ne ginshiƙin dukkan ilimi da gaskiya. Tsarin haɗin gwiwa yana sanya tsakiyar hankali ga "kasancewa" kuma yana nuna wariya ko kawar da "rashin kasancewa." A cewar Derrida, wannan ruɗani ne domin harshe koyaushe yana nufin alamomi da ma'anoni waɗanda suka dogara da juna a cikin hanyar sadarwa mai rikitarwa ta dangantaka.
Domin bayyana wannan yanayi, Derrida ta gabatar da kalmar "bambanci," wato tsarin neologism wanda ya haɗa kalmomin Faransanci guda biyu "differer" (daban-daban) da "janyewa" (dakatarwa). Bambanci muhimmin ƙa'ida ne na rushewar gini, yana nuna cewa ma'anar koyaushe tana jinkiri kuma ba ta taɓa cimma tsayayye ko cikakken kasancewa ba. Sakamakon haka, ma'anar rubutu koyaushe tana iya canzawa kuma sabbin mahallin suna da tasiri mara iyaka.
Rage Ginawa a Tsarin Aiki Mai Muhimmanci
An yi amfani da fasahar rage gibin a fannoni daban-daban, ciki har da adabi, shari'a, gine-gine, da nazarin al'adu. A cikin ka'idar adabi, masu ra'ayin rage gibin suna neman gano ɓoyayyun adawa a cikin rubuce-rubuce, kamar baƙi/fari, namiji/mace, ko al'ada/hali, da nufin wargaza waɗannan tsarin gargajiya.
Misali, a cikin nazarin adabi, ana iya amfani da deconstruction don nuna yadda za a iya raba labari mai kama da wanda ya yi daidai kuma mai ƙarfi zuwa tarin zato masu karo da juna. Ta hanyar nuna waɗannan rashin daidaito, nazarin deconstructive yana ƙoƙarin 'yantar da rubutun daga ma'anoni masu tsauri da aka yarda da su a baya da kuma buɗe sabbin hanyoyin fassara.
Suka da Jayayya
Duk da tasirin da yake da shi, ka'idar Derrida ta lalata tsarin mulki ta kuma sami suka iri-iri. Wasu masana falsafa da masu suka sun zargi rushe tsarin mulki da zama wani nau'i na rashin imani ko kuma tsattsauran ra'ayi na dangantaka wanda ke lalata yiwuwar bayyana gaskiya ko tushe mai kyau na ɗabi'a. Waɗannan masu suka suna jayayya cewa ta hanyar musanta daidaiton ma'ana, rushe tsarin mulki na iya haifar da rudani na fassara wanda ke goge duk wani tushe na ɗabi'a ko na ilimin falsafa.
Duk da haka, masu kare rushewar gini, ciki har da Derrida da kansa, suna jayayya cewa irin wannan sukar ta samo asali ne daga rashin fahimtar manufofi da hanyoyin rushewar gini. A cewarsu, rushewar gini ba wai kin amincewa da ma'ana ko gaskiya ba ne, a'a, yunƙuri ne na faɗaɗawa da suka kan iyakokin yadda muke fahimta da gina waɗannan ma'anoni.
Gudummawar Derrida ga Tunanin Zamani
Derrida ta bayar da gudummawa mai yawa a fannoni da dama, ba wai kawai falsafa da ka'idar adabi ba. Misali, a cikin falsafar siyasa, Derrida ta yi tambaya game da tushen manufofin adalci , haƙƙoƙi, da dimokuraɗiyya. A cikin littafinsa "Specters of Marx" (1993), Derrida ya soki tsarin jari-hujja na duniya kuma ya ba da sabbin damammaki don fahimtar adalci na zamantakewa mai zurfi.
A cikin ɗabi'a, Derrida ta haɓaka ra'ayin "alhaki marar iyaka," wanda ke jaddada mahimmancin kiyaye buɗe ido ga wasu da kuma shawo kan halayen tsattsauran ra'ayi a cikin yanke shawara na ɗabi'a. Wannan ra'ayi yana nuna ƙoƙarin Derrida na jaddada mahimmancin tattaunawa, yawan jama'a, da bambancin ra'ayi a cikin kowane aiki na ɗabi'a.
Penutup
Jacques Derrida da ka'idar rushewar abubuwa sun buɗe sabbin hanyoyi a cikin tunanin zamani, wanda hakan ya ba mu damar yin tambayoyi game da muhimman zato da kuma zurfafa fahimtarmu game da duniya. Duk da cewa har yanzu ana ci gaba da jayayya, gudummawar Derrida babu shakka ta wadatar da tattaunawa ta ilimi kuma ta samar da kayan aiki masu amfani don fannoni daban-daban. Ta hanyar rushewar abubuwa, ana gayyatarmu mu ga sarkakiya da rashin tabbas da ke cikin kowane rubutu da gabatarwa, da kuma ci gaba da neman ma'ana a tsakanin wannan yanayi mai ban tsoro.
