Ukusetshenziswa kwama-Antenna ekuxhumaneni
I-antenna iyithuluzi eliguqula amaza kagesi abe yi-electromagnetic currents noma okuphambene nalokho. Ngamanye amazwi, ama-antenna avumela ukudluliselwa nokwamukelwa kwezibonakaliso ezinhlelweni ezahlukene zokuxhumana. Kulesi sikhathi sobuchwepheshe obuthuthuka kakhulu, ama-antenna adlala indima ebalulekile ezinhlotsheni ezahlukene zezinhlelo zokuxhumana, kusukela emsakazweni nakuthelevishini kuya kumafoni eselula kanye nokuxhumana ngesathelayithi. Lesi sihloko sizobuyekeza ukusetshenziswa kwama-antenna ezicini ezahlukene zokuxhumana kanye nobuchwepheshe obuhlobene obuthuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kwe-antenna kanye nobubanzi bayo.
Umlando Wokuthuthukiswa Kwe-Antenna
Ama-antenna asungulwa ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-19. Ukusetshenziswa kwama-antenna kwaqala ngoHeinrich Hertz, owafakazela ukuthi kukhona amagagasi kagesi asekelwe emibonweni kaJames Clerk Maxwell. UHertz wasebenzisa ama-antenna ukukhiqiza nokubona amagagasi omsakazo. Ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20, uGuglielmo Marconi wakha i-antenna eyayivumela ukudluliselwa kwezimpawu zomsakazo kulo lonke uLwandlekazi i-Atlantic, yavula indlela yokusetshenziswa kwama-antenna ekuxhumaneni okude.
Isimiso Sokusebenza Se-Antenna
Ama-antenna asebenza ngesimiso sokukhishwa kwe-electromagnetic wave. Lapho ugesi udlula ku-antenna, ukhiqiza amasimu kagesi namagnetic aqondene nhlangothi zombili, akha amagagasi kagesi angasakazeka endaweni ekhululekile. Izinhlobo zama-antenna zifaka phakathi ama-dipole, ama-monopole, ama-array, ama-parabolic, nama-microstrip antenna. Uhlobo ngalunye lunezici zalo kanye nokusetshenziswa kwalo, kuye ngokuthi lusetshenziswa kanjani.
Izinhlobo ze-Antennas kanye nezicelo zazo
1. I-Antenna ye-Dipole
I-antenna ye-dipole, evame ukubizwa ngokuthi i-antenna yenduku, uhlobo oluyisisekelo lwe-antenna oluqukethe izakhi ezimbili zensimbi eziqondile. I-dipole iyi-antenna ezwakalayo esebenza kahle ezinhlelweni ezahlukahlukene, kufaka phakathi ukusakaza umsakazo we-FM, ithelevishini, kanye nokusetshenziswa komsakazo kwabaqalayo.
2. I-Antena ye-Monopole
I-antenna ye-monopole iyi-antenna ephendulayo ene-half-wavelength evame ukufakwa phezulu ngaphezu kwendawo yokuqhuba, njenge-ground capacitance. Ivame ukusetshenziswa ekuxhumaneni kwezimoto, kumadivayisi omsakazo aphathekayo, kanye nokuxhumana kwamaza amafushane aphansi.
3. I-Antenna Array
Ama-antenna aqukethe izakhi eziningi ze-antenna ezihlelwe ngendlela ethile ukuze kwandiswe inzuzo kanye nokuqondisa. Ama-antenna avame ukusetshenziswa kuma-radar, ukusakaza kuthelevishini, kanye nezinhlelo zokuxhumana ngesathelayithi ngenxa yekhono lawo lokugxila imisebe ohlangothini oluthile futhi anciphise ukuphazamiseka kwesignali.
4. I-Antena Eyi-Parabolic
Ama-antenna e-parabolic asebenzisa i-parabolic reflector ukwandisa inzuzo nokunciphisa ububanzi be-beamwidth. Lawa ma-antenna avame ukusetshenziswa ekuxhumaneni kwesathelayithi, i-radio astronomy, kanye ne-radar.
5. I-Microstrip Antenna
Ama-antenna e-Microstrip ayizi-antenna eziphrintiwe ebhodini lesifunda eliphrintiwe (i-PCB), ezivame ukusetshenziswa kumadivayisi ezokuxhumana esimanje, njenge-smartphone ne-Wi-Fi. Ngenxa yobukhulu bawo obuncane kanye nokuguquguquka komklamo, ama-antenna e-microstrip ayinketho ethandwayo kumadivayisi amancane.
Ukusetshenziswa kwama-Antenna ekuxhumaneni kwamaselula
Ekuxhumaneni kwamaselula, ama-antenna adlala indima ebalulekile ekusakazweni nasekutholeni isignali. Amadivayisi eselula, njengamaselula, ngokuvamile ahlonyiswe ngezinhlobo eziningana zama-antenna emisebenzi eyahlukahlukene, okuhlanganisa ukudlulisa izwi, ukudlulisa idatha, kanye nezinsizakalo ze-inthanethi. Ama-antenna asebenza kumaza omsakazo athile, njenge-GSM, CDMA, 3G, 4G, kanye manje ne-5G.
Kumanethiwekhi e-5G, ukusetshenziswa kwe-antenna kuye kwathuthukiswa kakhulu nge-Massive MIMO (Multiple Input Multiple Output) kanye nobuchwepheshe bokwenza imisebe. Lobu buchwepheshe buvumela ukusakazwa kwedatha okwengeziwe ku-frequency eyodwa ngama-antenna asebenza kahle futhi aqondiwe, okwandisa umthamo wenethiwekhi kanye nokunciphisa ukubambezeleka, okubalulekile kwi-IoT (Internet of Things) kanye nezinhlelo zokusebenza zesikhathi sangempela.
Ama-Antenna Ekuxhumaneni Kwesathelayithi
Ukuxhumana ngesathelayithi kudinga ama-antenna anamandla aphezulu kanye nesiqondiso esihle. Ama-antenna e-parabolic ayisinqumo esikhethwayo seziteshi zomhlaba ngenxa yekhono lawo lokugxila amasignali endaweni ethile ku-satellite endaweni yokujikeleza komhlaba, ephakathi nendawo, noma ephansi. Izinhlelo zesathelayithi zisebenzisa ama-antenna ukudlulisa izinsizakalo ezahlukahlukene, kusukela ekusakazeni kuthelevishini kanye nokuzulazula kwe-GPS kuya ekuxhumekeni kwe-inthanethi yomhlaba wonke.
Kuzinhlelo zokusebenza eziphathekayo ezifana namafoni esathelayithi noma amatheminali e-VSAT (Very Small Aperture Terminal), kusetshenziswa ama-antenna amancane nakancane, kodwa asakwazi ukubamba nokuthumela izimpawu kumasathelayithi ahamba emzileni.
Ukusetshenziswa kwama-Antenna ekuzulazuleni kwe-GPS
Izinhlelo zesathelayithi zokuzulazula zomhlaba wonke (i-GNSS), njenge-GPS, i-Galileo, ne-GLONASS, nazo zithembele kakhulu kuma-antenna ukuze zithole izimpawu zesathelayithi ezinikeza ulwazi lwendawo. Ama-antenna e-GPS ngokuvamile ahlanganiswa noma ajikelezwe, akhethwa ngenxa yekhono lawo lokuthwebula izimpawu zesathelayithi ezivela eziqondisweni eziningi futhi agcine umsindo ozwakalayo ngemvamisa oyifunayo.
Ama-antenna Okusakaza Kuthelevishini Nasemsakazweni
Kusukela ekuqaleni kwazo, ukusakazwa kwethelevishini nomsakazo kuye kwathembela kuma-antenna ukuze kudluliselwe futhi kwamukelwe isignali. Ama-antenna ethelevishini avamile asebenzisa i-Yagi noma ama-antenna e-log-periodic, kuyilapho iziteshi zokusakaza zisebenzisa ama-antenna e-array noma e-dipole. Ubuchwepheshe bokusakaza ngedijithali bulethe ama-antenna amancane nasebenza kahle, okwenza kube lula ngama-antenna asekhaya ukuthola ikhwalithi yesignali engcono.
Izinto Ezintsha Zakamuva Nekusasa Lama-Antenna
Ikusasa lobuchwepheshe be-antenna lithambekele ekusetshenzisweni okuncane kanye nokusebenza kahle kwamandla. Njengoba isidingo esikhulayo samadivayisi e-IoT kanye nokuxhumana okungenantambo okuthembekile, ososayensi bathuthukisa ama-antenna aguquguqukayo angathungwa ezingutsheni noma anyatheliswe nge-3D.
Ukuthuthukiswa kwezinto ezisetshenziswayo kuthembisa nezixazululo ze-antenna ezinezakhiwo zikagesi ezikwazi ubunjiniyela ukuqinisekisa ukusebenza kahle kwesignali kanye nokuqondisa okuphezulu. Ukusetshenziswa kwe-AI kanye nokufunda komshini ekwenzeni ngcono nokulungisa i-antenna ngobuhlakani kuyindawo yocwaningo evula amathuba amaningi amasha ezweni lokuxhumana.
Isiphetho
Ama-antenna ayizingxenye ezibalulekile zezinhlelo zokuxhumana, edlala indima ebalulekile ekudlulisweni nasekwamukelweni kwezimpawu ezinhlobonhlobo zezicelo. Kusukela ekuthuthukisweni kwawo komlando kuya ekusungulweni okusha kwakamuva, ama-antenna abe futhi azoqhubeka nokuba yisici esibalulekile ekuthuthukisweni kobuchwepheshe bokuxhumana. Kusukela emsakazweni we-FM kuya kumanethiwekhi e-5G, umnikelo wama-antenna ekhonweni lethu lokuxhumana uyaqhubeka nokukhula, okwenza kube nokuxhumana okusheshayo, okubanzi, nokusebenza kahle kakhulu nokuxhumana ngobuchwepheshe obuqhubekayo.
