Uhlelo Lokuxhumana Lwamaphuzu Amaningi
Ezweni lezokuxhumana kanye namanethiwekhi ekhompyutha, isidingo sokuxhuma amadivayisi amaningi ngasikhathi sinye siyanda. Ngenkathi ukuxhumana kwakuvamile ukuba kube iphuzu-kuya-ephuzwini (umthumeli oyedwa kumamukeli oyedwa), izimo eziningi manje zidinga indlela eyodwa yokuxhumana engabiwa ngamadivayisi amaningi. Yilapho umqondo wohlelo lokuxhumana olunamaphuzu amaningi uba khona obalulekile. Lolu hlelo luvumela ama-node amaningi—kungaba amakhompyutha, izinzwa, amadivayisi e-IoT, noma amatheminali okuxhumana—ukwabelana ngendlela efanayo yokudlulisa, okuvumela ukuxhumana okusebenzayo, okungabizi kakhulu, nokuguquguqukayo ngezinga elikhulu.
Ukuqonda Izinhlelo Zokuxhumana Eziningi
Uhlelo lokuxhumana olunezinhla eziningi luhlobo lokuxhumana kwedatha lapho kuxhunywe khona amadivayisi angaphezu kwamabili futhi kuxhumana kusetshenziswa indlela efanayo yokudlulisela. Le ndlela yokudlulisela ingaba nezintambo (isb., i-coaxial, i-twisted pair, noma i-fiber optic) noma i-wireless (i-Wi-Fi, umsakazo, iselula). Ngokungafani nendawo eya endaweni eyodwa, enikeza indlela ezinikele phakathi kwamadivayisi amabili, indawo eyodwa isebenzisa indlela eyodwa eyabelwe amadivayisi amaningi.
Ngenxa yokuthi imidiya iyabiwa, izinhlelo zamaphuzu amaningi zidinga indlela yokulawula ukuvimbela ukungqubuzana kwedatha, futhi kunemithetho mayelana nokuthi ubani ongathumela, ukuthi athumele nini, nokuthi idatha itholwa kanjani yidivayisi yendawo.
Izici Eziyinhloko
Kunezici eziningana ezibalulekile ezihlukanisa izinhlelo zamaphuzu amaningi kwamanye amamodeli okuxhumana:
1. Imidiya eyabiwe
Amadivayisi amaningi abelana ngesiteshi esifanayo, ngakho-ke ukusebenza kahle kungandiswa uma amanye amadivayisi evame "ukuthula" futhi ethumela ngezikhathi ezithile kuphela.
2. Isidingo sephrothokholi yokulawula ukufinyelela
Ngenxa yokuthi indlela iyabiwa, izilawuli kumele zibe khona ukuze kuvinjelwe ukudluliselwa ukuthi kungaphazamisani. Izibonelo zifaka phakathi ukudlula kwamathokheni, i-CSMA/CD, i-CSMA/CA, i-TDMA, ukuvota, nokunye.
3. Ukusabalala
I-Multipoint ifanelekela ukwandisa inani lamadivayisi ngaphandle kokufaka imigqa ebonakalayo njalo uma kufakwa idivayisi entsha, yize lokhu kukhula kunemikhawulo njengoba imidiya izogcwala kakhulu.
4. Ukusebenza kahle kwezindleko
Ngokuphathelene nokufakwa kanye nezinto zekhebula/idivayisi, ama-multipoint ngokuvamile ashibhile kunokudala uxhumano oluqondile lwedivayisi ngayinye.
Indlela Esebenza Ngayo Ngokujwayelekile
Kuma-multipoint, wonke amadivayisi axhunywe ku-medium eyodwa. Uma idivayisi eyodwa ithumela idatha, isignali "isakazwa" kuyo yonke i-medium futhi "ingabonwa" ngamanye amadivayisi. Ukuqinisekisa ukuthi idatha ifika endaweni yayo efanele, ivame ukunikezwa ikheli. Amadivayisi anamakheli afanayo athola futhi acubungule idatha, kuyilapho amanye amadivayisi eyishaya indiva.
Kodwa-ke, inkinga enkulu isikhathi sokufinyelela kwimidiya. Uma amadivayisi amabili edlulisa ngesikhathi esisodwa, amasignali angashayisana. Ukuze kuxazululwe lokhu, izinhlelo zamaphoyinti amaningi zisebenzisa izindlela zokulawula ukufinyelela kwimidiya (i-MAC).
Izindlela Zokulawula Ukufinyelela ku-Multipoint
Nazi ezinye zezindlela ezivame kakhulu:
1. I-CSMA/CD (Ukufinyelela Okuningi Kwe-Carrier Sense Ngokuthola Ukushayisana)
Le ndlela yayithandwa kakhulu kwi-Ethernet endala ngokusekelwe ezintanjeni noma kuma-hub e-coaxial. Idivayisi "iqala ngokulalela" abezindaba. Uma imahhala, iyathumela. Uma kwenzeka ukushayisana, idivayisi ithola ukushayisana bese ilinda isikhathi esingahleliwe ngaphambi kokuyizama futhi. I-CSMA/CD ayisetshenziswa kakhulu kwi-Ethernet yesimanje ngoba amanethiwekhi ashintshiwe anciphisa ukushayisana.
2. I-CSMA/CA (Ukugwema Ukushayisana)
Kusetshenziswa ku-Wi-Fi. Ngenxa yokuthi ukutholwa kokushayisana kwenethiwekhi engenantambo kunzima, i-Wi-Fi ivimbela ukushayisana kusetshenziswa izindlela ezifana nesikhala phakathi kozimele kanye nesikhathi sokubuyela emuva. Lokhu kufanelekile ekuxhumaneni okungenantambo kwamaphuzu amaningi lapho amadivayisi amaningi encintisana khona ngokufinyelela esibonakalayo somoya.
3. Ukudlulisa Amathokheni
Kule ndlela, "ithokheni" idluliselwa phakathi kwamadivayisi. Yidivayisi ephethe ithokheni kuphela evunyelwe ukudlulisa. Le ndlela ivumela ukufinyelela okulawulwayo futhi inciphisa ukushayisana, kodwa amathokheni kumele aphathwe kahle ukuze kuvinjelwe ukulahleka noma ukuphahlazeka.
4. Ukuvota (Okuhlanganisiwe)
Kukhona isilawuli esisodwa (i-master) esihlola idivayisi ngayinye ngayinye ukuze sibone ukuthi ifuna ukudlulisa yini. Le ndlela ilula futhi ifanele amanethiwekhi athile ezimboni, kodwa ingaba yimpumelelo encane uma inani lamadivayisi likhulu ngenxa yezindleko zokuvota.
5. I-TDMA (Ukufinyelela Okuningi Kwesikhathi)
Imidiya ihlukaniswe ngezikhala zesikhathi. Idivayisi ngayinye inikezwe isikhathi esithile sokudlulisa. I-TDMA ivame kakhulu ezinhlelweni zomsakazo weselula kanye nowedijithali. Inzuzo yayo ukubikezela; ububi ukuthi isikhala singachithwa uma idivayisi ingenayo idatha.
Ama-Topology Asetshenziswa Kaningi
Izinhlelo ze-Multipoint zivame ukuvela ezinhlotsheni eziningana zenethiwekhi:
1. Ibhasi
Wonke amadivayisi axhuma kukhebula elilodwa eliyinhloko. Lesi yisibonelo esivamile sokuxhumana ngamaphuzu amaningi. Okubi: uma ikhebula eliyinhloko lihluleka, yonke inethiwekhi iyaphazamiseka.
2. Inkanyezi (enehabhu noma indawo yokungena)
Ngokwemvelo, iyinkanyezi, kodwa ngokunengqondo, ingaba amaphuzu amaningi ngoba wonke amadivayisi abelana ngedivayisi ephakathi. Ku-Wi-Fi, indawo yokufinyelela ikhonza amakhasimende amaningi esiteshini somsakazo esisodwa.
3. Amaphuzu amaningi angenantambo
Isiteshi esisodwa sokudlulisa noma isiteshi esiyisisekelo sisebenzela amadivayisi amaningi. Izibonelo: amanethiwekhi eselula, i-Wi-Fi, umsakazo we-trunking, noma amanethiwekhi e-IoT asekelwe ku-LoRaWAN.
Izibonelo Zokusetshenziswa Kwezwe Langempela
Izinhlelo zokuxhumana ezinamaphoyinti amaningi zinezindlela eziningi zokusebenzisa, okuhlanganisa:
– Inethiwekhi ye-Wi‑Fi yasekhaya/ehhovisi: indawo eyodwa yokufinyelela isebenzela ama-laptop, omakhalekhukhwini, amaphrinta, ama-smart TV, namadivayisi e-IoT.
– Inethiwekhi yeselula: i-BTS eyodwa ikhonza abasebenzisi abaningi kuseli elilodwa, ngokuphathwa kwesiteshi nesikhathi/imvamisa.
– Izinhlelo ze-IoT kanye nezinzwa: izinzwa eziningi zithumela idatha esangweni zisebenzisa iphrothokholi ethile.
– Amanethiwekhi ezimboni (i-SCADA/PLC): amadivayisi amaningi asensimini axhumana nomlawuli ngebhasi lokuxhumana.
– Imihlangano eminingi: ukuxhumana komsindo/ividiyo kwamaqembu amaningi, ngokuvamile kusetshenziswa iseva noma i-MCU (i-Multipoint Control Unit) ukuphatha ukugeleza kwemidiya.
Izinzuzo Zezinhlelo Zokuxhumana Ezinamaphoyinti Amaningi
1. Ingqalasizinda engabizi kakhulu
I-medium eyodwa ingasetshenziswa amadivayisi amaningi, okunciphisa isidingo sezintambo nama-port.
2. Iguquguqukayo yokwengeza ama-node
Ukwengeza idivayisi entsha kuvame ukuba lula kunokwengeza uxhumano oluqondile.
3. Kufanelekela idatha engavamile
Isibonelo, inzwa ethumela amabhayithi ambalwa kuphela ngezikhathi ezithile. Imidiya eyabiwe iba yimpumelelo.
4. Isekela amamodeli okusakaza kanye nokusakaza okuningi
Ulwazi lungathunyelwa ngasikhathi sinye kumadivayisi amaningi (isb. izimemezelo, izibuyekezo, noma ukuvumelanisa).
Amaphutha kanye nezinselele
1. Amathuba okushayisana nokuminyana
Uma amadivayisi esebenza kakhulu, ingozi yokushayisana noma ulayini iba nkulu.
2. Ukuphepha kanye nobumfihlo
Ngenxa yemidiya ehlanganyelwe, idatha "ibonakala" kalula uma kungekho ukubethela okuhle kanye nokuqinisekiswa.
3. Imikhawulo yobubanzi be-bandwidth
I-bandwidth iyonke iyabiwa. Uma umsebenzisi oyedwa esebenzisa okuningi kakhulu, abanye abasebenzisi bangathinteka.
4. Ukuthembela emithethweni yokufinyelela
Ukusebenza kwama-multipoint kunqunywa kakhulu yiphrothokholi ye-MAC kanye nokucushwa kwenethiwekhi.
5. Ukuxazulula izinkinga kuyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu
Ukuphazamiseka kwemidiya eyabiwe kungathinta amadivayisi amaningi ngesikhathi esisodwa.
Ukuqhathanisa ne-Point-to-Point
Isiteshi esikhethekile sixhumanisa amadivayisi amabili. Inzuzo ukuzinza okukhulu kanye nomthamo oqinisekisiwe wamadivayisi amabili. Kodwa-ke, izindleko ziyanda ngenani elikhulu lamadivayisi, njengoba kudingeka ukuxhumana okuningi. I-Multipoint ihlukile: ayibizi futhi iguquguquka kuma-node amaningi, kodwa idinga ukuphathwa kokufinyelela kanye nokwabelana ngamakhono.
Kalula nje, iphuzu-kuya-ephuzwini lifanele ukuxhumana okujulile phakathi kwamaphuzu amabili (isb., umgogodla ophakathi kwehhovisi), kuyilapho amaphuzu amaningi efanelekile ezindaweni ezinamadivayisi amaningi kanye namaphethini ahlukahlukene ethrafikhi (isb., inethiwekhi yehhovisi, i-Wi‑Fi yomphakathi, noma uhlelo lwezinzwa).
I-Penutup
Izinhlelo zokuxhumana ezinamaphoyinti amaningi ziyisisekelo esibalulekile samanethiwekhi anamuhla, kusukela ku-Wi-Fi kanye neselula kuya ku-IoT kanye nezinhlelo zezimboni. Ngokusebenzisa indlela ehlanganyelwe, amaphoyinti amaningi anikeza ukusebenza kahle kwezindleko kanye nokulula kokukhula, kodwa kudinga izinqubo zokulawula ukufinyelela ezithembekile ukuqinisekisa ukuxhumana okuhlelekile, okuphephile, nokusebenza kahle kakhulu. Ukuqonda imiqondo yamaphoyinti amaningi kubalulekile hhayi nje konjiniyela benethiwekhi kodwa nakunoma ubani ofuna ukuklama izinhlelo zokuxhumana ezikwazi ukukhonza ngempumelelo amadivayisi amaningi enkathini yanamuhla yokuxhumana okukhulu.
Uma ufisa, ngingangeza imidwebo yesibonelo ye-topology, izifundo zecala (isb., i-Wi‑Fi yekhampasi noma amanethiwekhi ezinzwa), noma ngandise ingxoxo ibe yizinqubo ezithile ezifana ne-Ethernet, i-LoRaWAN, noma izakhiwo ze-video conferencing zamaphuzu amaningi.
