Ukuxhumana kwe-Undersea Fiber Optic
Esikhathini sedijithali, cishe yonke imisebenzi yabantu—kusukela ekuthumeleni imiyalezo nokubuka amavidiyo kuya ekuqhubeni imihlangano eku-inthanethi kanye nokuthengiselana ngebhange—incike ekuxhumekeni kwe-inthanethi okusheshayo nokuzinzile. Kodwa-ke, bambalwa abantu abaqaphelayo ukuthi umgogodla we-inthanethi yomhlaba wonke akuzona iziphuphutheki, kodwa izintambo ze-fiber-optic ezinwebeka phansi kolwandle. Le ngqalasizinda yaziwa ngokuthi izintambo ze-fiber-optic zasemanzini, uhlelo lokuxhumana oluxhumanisa amazwekazi kanye nezizwe zaseziqhingini ngemigqa yokudlulisa idatha enamandla aphezulu.
Kuyini ukuxhumana kwe-fiber optic ngaphansi kwamanzi?
Ukuxhumana nge-fiber-optic yangaphansi kolwandle kuyinqubo yokudlulisa idatha ngemicu ye-optic efakwe phansi kolwandle. Idatha idluliselwa ngesimo sama-pulse okukhanya ahamba ngaphakathi kwe-fiber, eyenziwe ngengilazi noma ipulasitiki esezingeni eliphezulu. Ngenxa yokuthi isebenzisa ukukhanya, imicu ye-optical ingathwala ulwazi oluningi ngesivinini esikhulu futhi ngokulahlekelwa kwesignali okuphansi (ukuncipha) uma kuqhathaniswa nezintambo zethusi.
Izintambo zangaphansi kolwandle zibalulekile ngoba zivumela ukuthi zixhumanise izindawo ezihlukaniswe ulwandle ngaphandle kokuthembela esimweni sezulu sasemkhathini noma umthamo wesathelayithi olinganiselwe. Uma umuntu enza ucingo lwevidiyo esuka e-Indonesia eya eYurophu, idatha yocingo cishe idlula izingxenye eziningana zezintambo zangaphansi kolwandle ngaphambi kokufika lapho iya khona.
Isakhiwo sekhebula lomkhumbi-ngwenya
Nakuba kubonakala kulula ngomqondo, izintambo ze-fiber optic ezingaphansi kwamanzi ziyinkimbinkimbi ngesakhiwo futhi zenzelwe ukumelana nomfutho ophezulu, ukugqwala, kanye nomonakalo ongokwenyama. Ngokuvamile, izintambo zakhiwa izendlalelo eziningana:
1. I-Fiber optic core: ingxenye eyinhloko ephethe isignali yokukhanya. Ngokuvamile kunezinhlobo eziningana ze-fiber pairs zezindlela ezimbili kanye nokuphindaphindeka.
2. Isivikelo esiyinhloko: sivikela imicu emswakama nasekugobeni okuncane.
3. Ishubhu noma ungqimba lokuvala: ligcina ubuqotho bekhebula.
4. Isendlalelo sensimbi (izivikelo): ezingxenyeni ezithile, ikakhulukazi eduze nogu, ikhebula lifakwe izembatho zensimbi ukuvimbela umonakalo ovela ezikhonkwaneni zemikhumbi noma emisebenzini yokudoba.
5. Ingqimba yangaphandle ye-polyethylene: ivikela ikhebula emanzini olwandle kanye nokuklwebheka.
Ubukhulu bekhebula bungahluka kuye ngendawo. Emanzini angajulile, izintambo zijiyile futhi zivikelekile. Emanzini ajulile, izintambo zivame ukuba zincane ngoba ingozi yokuphazamiseka kwabantu iphansi kakhulu.
Isimiso sokusebenza: ukukhanya, ukuguqulwa kwesimo kanye nomthamo omkhulu
Idatha yedijithali iguqulwa ibe yizimpawu ezibonakalayo nge-transmitter esebenzisa i-laser. Lesi siginali sibe sesiguqulwa kusetshenziswa amasu athile ukuthwala inani elikhulu lolwazi. Izinhlelo zesimanje zisebenzisa ubuchwepheshe obufana nalokhu:
– I-Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM): ivumela “imibala” eminingi yokukhanya (ama-wavelength ahlukene) ukuthi ithwale idatha ngesikhathi esisodwa ku-fiber eyodwa. Kufana nokuba nemizila eminingi emgwaqweni omkhulu, okwandisa kakhulu umthamo ophelele.
– Ukuguqulwa okuthuthukisiwe: njenge-QPSK noma i-QAM ezinhlelweni ezihambisanayo, okwenza ukushaya kokukhanya ngakunye kube nezingcezu eziningi.
Le nhlanganisela yamasu ivumela ikhebula elilodwa elingaphansi kolwandle ukuthi lithwale umthamo olinganisekayo ngama-terabits ngomzuzwana (Tbps), okwanele ukuthwala idatha ye-inthanethi yezwe.
Izinselele eziyinhloko: ukuncishiswa kwesignali kanye nama-amplifier angaphansi kwamanzi
Nakuba i-optical fiber isebenza kahle kakhulu, izimpawu zokukhanya zisabuthakathaka uma kuziwa ebangeni. Emizileni edlula olwandle, kudingeka ama-amplifiers esignali. Izintambo ezingaphansi kolwandle zisebenzisa amadivayisi abizwa ngokuthi ama-optical repeaters/amplifier, ngokuvamile asekelwe kuma-EDFA (ama-Erbium-Doped Fiber Amplifiers).
Ama-repeater abekwa ngezikhathi ezijwayelekile, isibonelo, njalo emakhilomitha angu-50-100, kuye ngomklamo wesistimu. Inselele ukuthi la madivayisi kumele asebenze kahle iminyaka eminingi ngaphandle kokudinga ukulungiswa okulula, njengoba etholakala ekujuleni kolwandle. Ama-repeater athola amandla awo esiteshini sokufika emhlabeni ngokusebenzisa ama-conductor akhethekile ngaphakathi kwekhebula.
Inqubo yokufaka ikhebula: ukuhlola nokutshala
Ukubeka ikhebula lomkhumbi-ngwenya akuwona umsebenzi olula. Isigaba sokuqala ngokuvamile sihilela ukuhlola umzila ukuze kudwetshwe indawo engaphansi kolwandle, kugwenywe izindawo ezivame ukuzamazama komhlaba, iziqongo zolwandle, noma izindawo ezinabantu abaningi abasebenza kakhulu. Uma umzila wokugcina usukhethiwe, umkhumbi okhethekile uzodonsa ikhebula usuka esigubheni esikhulu bese uliphonsa ngokucophelela olwandle.
Ezindaweni ezisogwini kanye nasemanzini angajulile, izintambo zivame ukugqitshwa phansi kolwandle kusetshenziswa amadivayisi anjengezigebengu ukunciphisa ingozi yokubambeka ezikhonkwaneni, emigodini yokudoba, noma emisebenzini yokwakha ogwini. Emanzini ajulile, izintambo zingafakwa kalula ebusweni bolwandle ngenxa yokuphepha kwazo okulinganiselwe.
Uma isifakiwe, ikhebula lizoxhunywa esiteshini sokufika emhlabeni. Ukusuka lapho, idatha ithunyelwa kumanethiwekhi asemhlabeni njengezikhungo zezwe kanye nezikhungo zedatha.
Ingozi yomonakalo kanye nokugcinwa
Naphezu komklamo wazo oqinile, izintambo zasolwandle zisalokhu zisengozini yezinsongo eziningana:
1. Imisebenzi yabantu: izikhonkwane zemikhumbi, ukudoba ngamatshe kanye nokumba imigodi olwandle kuyizimbangela ezivamile zomonakalo emanzini angajulile.
2. Izinhlekelele zemvelo: ukuzamazama komhlaba ngaphansi kwamanzi, ukudilika komhlaba ngaphansi kolwandle, kanye nokuqhuma kwezintaba-mlilo ngaphansi kwamanzi kungaphula izintambo olwandle olujulile.
3. Ukugqwala nokuguga kwezinto: nakuba zincane, zihlala ziyisici esibalulekile eminyakeni eminingi yokusebenza.
Uma kwenzeka ukuphazamiseka, opharetha bazobona indawo yomonakalo besebenzisa amasu okulinganisa okubonakalayo njenge-OTDR (Optical Time Domain Reflectometer). Ukulungiswa kwenziwa umkhumbi okhethekile ophakamisa ikhebula phansi kolwandle, usike ingxenye eyonakele, uyixhume kabusha, bese uyihlisa futhi. Le nqubo ingadla isikhathi, ikakhulukazi esimweni sezulu esibi noma ezindaweni ezikude.
Ngakho-ke, amanethiwekhi angaphansi kwamanzi avame ukwakhiwa ngokuphindaphindeka, okungukuthi, imizila eminingi ehlukile ukuze ithrafikhi yedatha iphambukiswe lapho umzila owodwa uhlangabezana nokuphazamiseka.
Indima yamasu emazweni ase-archipelago
Esizweni esihlala ezindaweni ezikude njenge-Indonesia, izintambo ze-fiber optic ezingaphansi kwamanzi azigcini nje ngobuchwepheshe bokuxhumana kodwa futhi ziyingqalasizinda ehlelekile. Zixhumanisa iziqhingi, zisekele ukufinyelela i-inthanethi ngokulinganayo, futhi ziqinisa izinsizakalo ezibalulekile njengemfundo eku-inthanethi, i-telemedicine, uhulumeni wedijithali, kanye nomnotho oqhutshwa idatha.
Ngaphezu kokuxhumeka kwasekhaya, izintambo zamazwe ngamazwe nazo zinquma ikhwalithi yokuxhumeka kwamazwe ngamazwe, okuhlanganisa nokuxhumeka kumasevisi efu, amapulatifomu omhlaba wonke, kanye nezikhungo zedatha zamazwe ngamazwe. Uma ukuxhumana komkhumbi-ngwenya kungcono, kulapho ukubambezeleka kwehla khona, ukufinyelela kuzinze kakhulu, kanye nesistimu yedijithali yezwe encintisana kakhulu.
Ikusasa: amandla amakhulu kanye namanethiwekhi ahlakaniphile
Kusukela manje, ukuxhumana kwe-fiber optic ngaphansi kwamanzi kuzoqhubeka nokukhula. Ukwanda kwamandla kutholakala ngokungezwa kweziteshi ze-WDM, ukusebenza kahle kokuguquguquka okuhlanganisiwe okuthuthukisiwe, kanye nokwakhiwa kwekhebula okuthuthukisiwe kokuphathwa kwamandla kanye nokukhulisa isignali. Esinye isimo ukubandakanyeka kwezinkampani zobuchwepheshe bomhlaba wonke ekwakhiweni kwezintambo ezintsha ukusekela isidingo esikhulayo sethrafikhi yedatha.
Ngasohlangothini lokuphepha nokuqina, amazwe kanye nabaqhubi bazokwandisa ukuqapha, bandise imizila yokusekela, futhi baqinise ukubambisana kwamazwe ngamazwe ngoba izintambo zasolwandle zivame ukuwela izindawo eziningi.
I-Penutup
Ukuxhumana kwe-fiber-optic ngaphansi kolwandle kuyisisekelo se-inthanethi yesimanje. Zisebenza buthule ekujuleni kolwandle, zidlulisela idatha ngesimo sokukhanya, zixhumanisa abantu, amabhizinisi, kanye nohulumeni ngaphesheya kwemingcele ngesivinini esikhulu. Ngemiklamo yekhebula eqinile, ama-repeater athembekile, kanye namanethiwekhi aphindaphindayo, izintambo zangaphansi kolwandle zivumela umhlaba oxhumene kakhulu. Njengoba isidingo sedatha siqhubeka nokukhula, indima yalobu buchwepheshe izoba yinto ebaluleke kakhulu—hhayi nje kuphela ekuxhumaneni okulula, kodwa futhi nasekuqineni komnotho kanye nokuzimela kwedijithali kwezizwe.
