Izinhlobo Zezintambo Kwezokuxhumana
Ezweni lezokuxhumana, izintambo zidlala indima ebalulekile njengamadivayisi okuxhumanisa indlela yokudlulisa—kusukela ezintanjeni zasekhaya kanye namanethiwekhi e-inthanethi kuya ezinhlelweni zomsakazo kanye nengqalasizinda yesikhungo sedatha. Naphezu komkhuba wezobuchwepheshe wokuxhumana okungenantambo, izintambo zihlala ziwumgogodla wamanethiwekhi ngenxa yokuzinza kwawo, amandla, kanye nokuthembeka. Lesi sihloko sixoxa ngezinhlobo zezintambo ezivame ukusetshenziswa kwezokuxhumana, izici zazo, izinzuzo, ukubi, kanye nezibonelo zohlelo lokusebenza.
1. Ikhebula Eliphendukile (Iphendukile)
Ikhebula elisontekile lingenye yezinhlobo zekhebula ezithandwa kakhulu, ikakhulukazi kumanethiwekhi ocingo kanye namanethiwekhi ekhompyutha (ama-LAN). Le khebula yakhiwe ngama-conductor amabili ethusi asontekile ndawonye ukuze kuncishiswe ukuphazamiseka kwe-electromagnetic (EMI) kanye nokukhuluma nge-crosstalk (ukuphazamiseka phakathi kwama-cable pairs).
a. I-UTP (Ipheya Elisontekile Elingashiyiwe)
I-UTP iyikhebula elijijekile elingenazo izivikelo ezengeziwe. Lolu hlobo luvame ukusetshenziswa ezintanjeni ze-Ethernet ezifana ne-Cat5e, i-Cat6, kanye ne-Cat6A.
Izinzuzo:
- Kushibhile futhi kulula ukukuthola
- Ukufakwa okulula nokuguquguqukayo
- Kufanelekela amanethiwekhi ehhovisi nasekhaya
Ukushoda:
- Ingaphazanyiswa yi-electromagnetic uma iseduze nemithombo emikhulu yamandla
– Ibanga elilinganiselwe elisebenzayo (ngokuvamile amamitha ayi-100 e-Ethernet)
Izibonelo zokusetshenziswa:
– Inethiwekhi ye-LAN, ikhebula le-inthanethi yasekhaya, shintsha uxhumano kwikhompyutha
b. I-STP (Ipheya Elisontekile Elivikelwe)
I-STP inesivikelo sokunciphisa ukuphazamiseka. Kunezinhlobo eziningana, njenge-FTP (Foiled Twisted Pair) noma i-S/FTP, esebenzisa inhlanganisela ye-foil kanye nesivikelo esilukiwe.
Izinzuzo:
- Imelana kakhulu nokuphazamiseka kune-UTP
– Izinzile ezindaweni zezimboni noma ezindaweni ezinezintambo zikagesi eziningi
Ukushoda:
– Intengo ibiza kakhulu kune-UTP
- Ukufakwa kuyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu futhi kudinga isisekelo esihle
Izibonelo zokusetshenziswa:
– Amafektri, amakamelo eseva, izindawo ezinokuphazamiseka okukhulu
2. Ikhebula le-Coaxial
Ikhebula le-coaxial liqukethe umqhubi oyinhloko (ngokuvamile ithusi), isivikelo, ungqimba oluvikelayo (isivikelo esilukiwe/i-foil), kanye nejakethi yangaphandle. Lesi sakhiwo senza ikhebula le-coaxial liqine kakhulu ekuphazamisekeni futhi lifanelekele ukudluliselwa kwesignali yemvamisa ephezulu.
Izinzuzo:
– Imelana kakhulu nokuphazanyiswa kune-twisted pair
- Ingasetshenziswa amabanga amade kwezinye izinhlelo zokusebenza
– Kufanelekela amasignali e-RF (imvamisa yomsakazo)
Ukushoda:
- Kukhulu futhi akuguquguquki kakhulu
- Ukufakwa kanye nokuphela kungaba nzima kakhulu
– Kumanethiwekhi esimanje, amaningi athathelwa indawo yi-fiber
Izibonelo zokusetshenziswa:
– I-Cable TV, i-antenna, i-cable modem (DOCSIS), i-analog CCTV, inethiwekhi yomsakazo
Izinhlobo ze-coaxial ezivame ukutholakala zifaka phakathi i-RG-6 (evame ukusetshenziswa ku-TV/inthanethi yekhebula) kanye ne-RG-59 (evame ukusetshenziswa ku-CCTV).
3. Intambo ye-Fiber Optic
Izintambo ze-fiber-optic zidlulisa idatha ngesimo sokukhanya ngemicu yengilazi noma yepulasitiki. Ziyindlela ekhethwayo yamanethiwekhi omgogodla ngenxa yomthamo wawo we-bandwidth ophezulu kakhulu kanye nebanga elide lokudlulisa.
a. I-Fiber Yemodi Eyodwa (i-SMF)
Imodi eyodwa isebenzisa i-fiber core encane kakhulu (cishe ama-micron angu-9) ukuze ukukhanya kuhambe ngemodi eyodwa. Ifanele amabanga amade kanye nesivinini esikhulu.
Izinzuzo:
– Ibanga elide kakhulu lokudlulisela (amashumi kuya kwamakhulu amakhilomitha uma usebenzisa imishini efanele)
- Umthamo ophezulu kanye nokubambezeleka okuphansi
– Ukuphazamiseka okuncane kakhulu
Ukushoda:
– Imishini (i-transceiver) ibiza kakhulu uma kuqhathaniswa
– Ukuhlanganisa kudinga amathuluzi nochwepheshe abanamakhono.
Izibonelo zokusetshenziswa:
– Umgogodla we-ISP, inethiwekhi yokwakha izakhiwo (i-MAN), ikhebula lomkhumbi-ngwenya
b. I-Multi Mode Fiber (MMF)
Imodi eminingi inomgogodla omkhulu (50/62,5 microns) futhi ivumela izindlela eziningi zokukhanya. Ngokuvamile isetshenziswa emabangeni amafushane kuya kwaphakathi.
Izinzuzo:
– Izindleko zamadivayisi optical zingabizi kakhulu kunemodi eyodwa
- Kufanelekela amanethiwekhi angaphakathi noma ekhampasi
Ukushoda:
– Ibanga elifushane kune-SMF ngenxa yokusabalala kwe-modal
- Akukuhle kangako ukuxhumana okude
Izibonelo zokusetshenziswa:
- Isikhungo sedatha, inethiwekhi yekhampasi, ukuxhumana phakathi kwama-rack eseva
Ama-fiber optic ngokuvamile asebenzisa izixhumi ezifana ne-SC, i-LC, i-ST, noma i-MPO/MTP ukuze kutholakale izidingo eziphezulu ze-density ezindaweni zedatha.
4. Ikhebula Lethusi Lokuxhumana Kwendabuko (Ikhebula Locingo/Intambo Yokulahla)
Ngaphambi kokuba i-inthanethi ye-fiber-optic isabalale, izintambo zethusi zazisebenza njengomgogodla wezinsizakalo zocingo kanye ne-DSL. Lezi zintambo zazingaba ngamabhangqa amaningi ephaketheni elilodwa, elikhulu.
Izinzuzo:
– Ingqalasizinda inkulu futhi ibilokhu isetshenziswa isikhathi eside
– Ingasetshenziswa ezingcingweni ze-analog noma ze-ADSL/VDSL
Ukushoda:
– Umkhawulokudonsa olinganiselwe uma kuqhathaniswa nefayibha
- Isignali yehla kakhulu emabangeni amade
– Ingaphazanyiswa futhi igqwale uma ifakwe kabi
Izibonelo zokusetshenziswa:
– Izintambo zocingo zasendlini, amanethiwekhi e-PSTN, i-ADSL/VDSL
5. Ikhebula le-Ribbon Fiber kanye nekhebula le-Multicore Fiber
Njengoba izidingo zomthamo zanda, opharetha abaningi basebenzisa izintambo zefayibha noma iribhoni ukuze basheshise ukuxhumana okukhulu.
Izinzuzo:
– Umthamo omkhulu kakhulu ngentambo eyodwa
- Isebenza kahle esikhungweni sedatha kanye ne-data center
- Kusheshisa ukufakwa uma kusetshenziswa indlela ekhethekile yokuhlanganisa
Ukushoda:
- Amanani kanye nokuphathwa okuyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu
- Kudinga amadivayisi athile okuqeda kanye namasu
Izibonelo zokusetshenziswa:
– I-Metro Ethernet, umgogodla wedolobha, isikhungo sedatha esikhulu
6. Amakhebula Omsakazo kanye ne-Microwave (Ikhebula Lokuphakelayo/Umhlahlandlela Wamagagasi)
Ezinhlelweni zokuxhumana kwamaselula kanye nezinhlelo ze-microwave, izintambo ze-feeder zixhuma imishini yomsakazo kuma-antenna. Ngaphandle kwezintambo ze-coaxial, kukhona neziqondiso zamagagasi zamaza athile.
Izinzuzo:
- Isekela ukudluliswa kwe-RF kusuka esiteshini sesisekelo kuya ku-antenna
- Yakhelwe ukunciphisa okuphansi kumaza aphezulu
Ukushoda:
– Izindleko eziphezulu, ukufakwa kudinga ukunemba
- Akuguquguquki kakhulu futhi ngokuvamile kuqondene nomkhakha wezokuxhumana
Izibonelo zokusetshenziswa:
– I-BTS (Isiteshi Sokudlulisa Esiyisisekelo), isixhumanisi se-microwave, i-antenna yokudlulisa
7. Izintambo Zokubopha Nezintambo Ezikhethekile Zangaphakathi
Ekufakweni kwenethiwekhi yesimanje, kunezintambo ezikhethekile zezidingo zangaphakathi, njengezintambo ze-fiber/UTP patch, izintambo ze-plenum (zamakamelo anezindinganiso ezithile zokuphepha emlilweni), kanye nezintambo ze-LSZH (Low Smoke Zero Halogen) eziphephile uma kwenzeka umlilo.
Izinzuzo:
- Yakhelwe ukuphathwa kwekhebula okuhlanzekile nokuphephile
- Ihlangabezana nezindinganiso nemithethonqubo yokuphepha kwezakhiwo
Ukushoda:
– Ngokuvamile kubiza kakhulu kunezintambo ezijwayelekile
- Udinga ukukhetha okulungile ngokuya ngendawo ezungezile
Izibonelo zokusetshenziswa:
– Igumbi leseva, isikhungo sedatha, isakhiwo sehhovisi
Isiphetho
Kunezinhlobo eziningi ezahlukene zezintambo kwezokuxhumana, ngayinye inemisebenzi yayo kanye nezinzuzo zayo. I-Twisted pair (UTP/STP) ingcono kakhulu kumanethiwekhi endawo kanye nokufakwa okulula. Ikhebula le-coaxial lihlala liqinile ku-RF kanye nezinsizakalo ezithile njengekhebula le-TV. Kodwa-ke, ikhebula le-fiber optic liyisinqumo esiyinhloko manje nasesikhathini esizayo ngenxa yobubanzi bayo obuphezulu, amabanga amade, kanye nokumelana nokuphazamiseka. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izintambo ze-feeder kanye nama-waveguides zihlala zibalulekile engqalasizinda yeselula neye-microwave.
Ukukhetha ikhebula elifanele kudinga ukucabangela izidingo ze-bandwidth, ibanga, indawo yokufaka, izindleko, kanye nokulula kokugcinwa. Ukuqonda kahle izici zohlobo ngalunye lwekhebula kungasiza ekwakheni inethiwekhi yokuxhumana ngocingo ngempumelelo, ngokuqina, futhi kuyilungiselele ukwanda kwesikhathi esizayo kwesidingo sedatha.
Uma uthanda, ngingangeza ithebula lokuqhathanisa (ububanzi bomkhawulokudonsa, ibanga, izindleko, kanye nokusetshenziswa) noma ngilungise lesi sihloko ukuze sihambisane nemisebenzi yesikole/yasekolishi ngefomethi yokucaphuna.
