Umhlahlandlela Wokukhetha Imitha Kagesi Efanele Yesistimu Yakho Yamaphaneli Elanga
Ukusetshenziswa kwamaphaneli elanga ophahleni (i-PLTS) kukhula ngokushesha ngenxa yamandla awo okunciphisa izikweletu zikagesi, ukwandisa ukuzimela kwamandla, nokusekela ukushintshela emandleni ahlanzekile. Kodwa-ke, impumelelo yohlelo lwamaphaneli elanga incike kokungaphezu nje kwekhwalithi yamamojula, i-inverter, noma isakhiwo sokufaka. Ingxenye ebalulekile evame ukunganakwa imitha kagesi. Imitha efanele iqinisekisa ukulinganisa amandla okunembile, ihambisana nemithetho, futhi ikusiza ukuthi wandise izinzuzo zezimali zohlelo lwakho lwe-PV.
Lesi sihloko sixoxa ngomhlahlandlela wokukhetha imitha kagesi efanele uhlelo lwephaneli yelanga, kusukela ohlotsheni lwemitha, izici okufanele uzicabangele, kuya ekufanelekeni kwezinhlelo zokuthumela amandla kwamanye amazwe nokungenisa.
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1. Ukuqonda Indima Yamamitha Kagesi Ezinhlelweni Zamaphaneli Elanga
Ezindlini noma ezakhiweni ezifaka izitshalo zamandla elanga, ugesi ungageleza ngezindlela ezimbili:
1. Ukungenisa: uma umthwalo wasekhaya umkhulu kunokukhiqiza kwamaphaneli elanga, ugesi uthathwa kunethiwekhi ye-PLN.
2. Ukuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe: uma ukukhiqizwa kwamaphaneli elanga kungaphezu kokusetshenziswa, ugesi oweqile ungageleza ubuyele kugridi (kuye ngokuthi izinhlelo nemithetho yendawo).
Yilapho amamitha kagesi asebenza khona: aqopha kokubili amandla angenisiwe nawathunyelwa kwamanye amazwe (lapho kuvunyelwe khona), aqinisekisa ukukhokhiswa kwamandla okunembile noma ukubalwa kwesikweletu. Uma imitha ingasekeli ukulinganisa okuqondiswayo, izibalo zokusetshenziswa zingaba ezingalungile noma zibe yingozi kumsebenzisi wesistimu yelanga.
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2. Izinhlobo Zamamitha Kagesi Avame Ukusetshenziswa Ezitshalweni Zamandla Elanga
a) Amamitha Akhokhelwa Ngemva Kokukhokha Uma Eqhathaniswa Namamitha Akhokhelwa Ngaphambili
– I-Postpaid ibala ukusetshenziswa kwenyanga, ukhokha ibhili ngemva kokuqoshwa kokusetshenziswa.
– Ukukhokha kusengaphambili (amathokheni) kunciphisa ibhalansi ngokusekelwe ekusetshenzisweni.
Kumasistimu e-solar PV, into ebaluleke kakhulu akuyona i-postpaid noma i-prepaid, kodwa ukuthi i-meter iyayisekela yini i-inport-export metering (eqondiswa yizinhlangothi zombili). Kwezinye izinhlelo zokusebenza, amanye amamitha akhokhelwa kusengaphambili angasetshenziswa, kodwa avame ukudinga ukushintshwa noma ukucushwa okukhethekile ukuze ahambisane nezinhlelo ze-solar PV.
b) Imitha Yendlela Eyodwa (Ukungenisa Kuphela)
Le mitha ilinganisa ugesi ongena ekhaya usuka kugridi kuphela. Lolu hlobo lwemitha alufaneleki kakhulu ezitshalweni zamandla elanga ezisebenzisa igridi ezithumela ugesi kugridi, njengoba ingabhali ugesi othunyelwe ngaphandle. Ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile, imitha yendlela eyodwa ingabangela:
– ukuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe okungakabhalwa phansi (ukulahlekelwa yizinzuzo zekhredithi yamandla), noma
– kungase kube nokufundwa okungalungile uma imitha ingaklanyelwanga ukwamukela ukugeleza kokubuya.
c) Imitha Eqondene Nezinhlangothi Ezimbili (Imitha Yokuthumela Nokungenisa)
Lokhu kuyindlela evamile yezitshalo zamandla elanga ezisebenzisa igridi. Imitha eqondiswa ohlangothini ngalunye iqopha:
– i-kWh engenisiwe (kusuka ku-PLN),
– ukuthumela i-kWh (ku-PLN).
Ngale mitha, izikweletu zamandla kanye namakhredithi angabalwa ngokuya ngohlelo olufanele.
d) Ama-Smart Meters / AMI (Ingqalasizinda Yokulinganisa Ethuthukisiwe)
Amamitha ahlakaniphile avumela ukufunda kude kanye nokuqoshwa okuningiliziwe, njengamaphrofayili okulayisha ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Izinzuzo zawo:
– idatha esobala kakhulu,
- ukwenza lula ukuqapha nokuhlola,
– ingasekela amazinga aguquguqukayo noma esikhathi sokusetshenziswa uma isetshenziswa.
e) Amamitha angaphansi komhlaba / Amamitha Okukhiqiza (Amamitha Okukhiqiza)
Ngaphezu kwemitha eyinhloko yale nkampani, abanye abanikazi bafaka amamitha engeziwe ukuze balinganise ngqo ukukhiqizwa kwesitshalo samandla elanga. Izinzuzo:
– qapha ukusebenza kwephaneli yelanga (i-kWh yansuku zonke/yanyanga zonke),
- ukubona ukwehla kokukhiqiza ngenxa yomthunzi, ukungcola, noma umonakalo,
- kwenza kube lula ukubala i-ROI okunembe kakhudlwana.
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3. Nquma Uhlelo Lwesistimu: Kugridi, Kuhlanganisiwe, noma Kungaphandle kwegridi
Ngaphambi kokukhetha imitha, qiniseka ukuthi uhlobo lwesistimu yakho:
– Ku-grid: ixhunywe ku-PLN, ngokuvamile idinga imitha enezindlela ezimbili (ukungenisa nokuthumela ngaphandle).
– I-Hybrid: ixhunywe kubhethri le-PLN +. Ngokuvamile kusadinga imitha enezindlela ezimbili, kodwa ukuqapha kwangaphakathi kungaba nzima kakhulu ngoba ukugeleza kwamandla kuhilela ibhethri.
– Akuxhunyiwe kugridi: akuxhunyiwe ku-PLN. Amamitha okusebenza awabalulekile, kodwa usengasebenzisa amamitha angaphansi komhlaba ukuqapha ukukhiqizwa kwe-PV kanye nokusetshenziswa komthwalo.
Amaphutha amaningi ayenzeka ngoba abasebenzisi bathenga amamitha engeziwe ngaphandle kokuqonda ukwakheka kwesistimu. Kuzinhlelo zokusebenza ezikugridi, imitha eyinhloko ivame ukulandela amazinga okusetshenziswa, kuyilapho amamitha engeziwe ekhethwa ngezinjongo zokuqapha kwangaphakathi.
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4. Imininingwane Yobuchwepheshe Okufanele Uyiqaphele
a) Ukunemba (Isigaba Samamitha)
Ukunemba kunquma ukuthi ukuqoshwa kwe-kWh kunembe kangakanani. Ngokuvamile:
– Isigaba 1.0 sanele ukusetshenziswa ekhaya,
– Ikilasi le-0.5S linembile kakhulu ngezidingo ezibaluleke kakhulu.
Ukuze kuqashwe futhi kuhlolwe ezezimali, imitha enembile kahle isiza ukugwema ukungafani kwedatha phakathi kohlelo lokusebenza lwe-inverter kanye nemitha.
b) Amandla Amanje Namandla E-Voltage
Qiniseka ukuthi imitha ifanela ukufakwa:
– isigaba esisodwa (izindlu ezincane eziphakathi nendawo) noma izigaba ezintathu (imithwalo emikhulu/izimboni ezincane),
– isilinganiso samanje (isb. 5(60)A sesigaba esingu-1, noma ukusebenzisa i-CT yemisinga emikhulu),
– iyahambisana ne-voltage yesistimu (isb. 230V isigaba 1 noma 400V isigaba 3).
Uma amandla amakhulu, imitha ene-CT (Current Transformer) ivame ukudingeka ukuze kulinganiswe ngokuphephile nangokunembile.
c) Ukuhambisana kwesigaba 1 vs 3
Ezakhiweni ezinezigaba ezintathu, kunconywa imitha engalinganisa isigaba kanye nesamba. Lokhu kubalulekile ngoba ukungalingani kwemithwalo kungathinta ukusebenza kanye nokufundwa.
d) Ukusekelwa Kokulinganisa Okubili
Qiniseka ukuthi imitha iyasekela:
– amandla angeniswa kwamanye amazwe (A+),
– amandla okuthumela kwamanye amazwe (A-),
– futhi uma kungenzeka, amandla asheshayo (kW) ukuze wazi isiqondiso sokugeleza kwamandla ngesikhathi sangempela.
e) Isixhumanisi Sokuxhumana
Ukuze uqaphe, khetha imitha esekela:
– I-RS-485 Modbus (evame kakhulu ukuhlanganiswa nama-inverter noma ama-data logger),
– I-Wi-Fi/i-Ethernet (evame kakhulu kumamitha ahlakaniphile angemva kwemakethe),
– okukhipha i-pulse (S0) kohlelo lokuqapha olulula.
Uma ufuna ukuhlanganiswa ohlelweni lokuphathwa kwamandla ekhaya (i-HEMS) noma ipulatifomu ye-IoT, i-Modbus iyindlela eguquguqukayo.
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5. Izidingo Zokuthobela Imithetho Nezinsizakusebenza
Ezinhlelweni zegridi, imitha eyinhloko efakiwe kumele ihambisane nezindinganiso kanye nezinqubomgomo zesevisi zasendaweni. Isibonelo, e-Indonesia, ezinhlelweni zokuthumela nokungenisa kwamanye amazwe, amamitha athile anikezwe noma avunyelwe yi-PLN avame ukudingeka.
Izinto okudingeka uziqinisekise:
– Ingabe ukuthunyelwa kwamandla kwamanye amazwe kuvunyelwe kumakhasimende akho,
- Uhlobo lwemitha oludingekayo,
- Izinqubo zokufaka nokufaka imitha,
– Izilungiselelo zenkontileka yamandla kanye nokuvikelwa (kufaka phakathi i-anti-islanding ku-inverter).
Ungathengi imitha yokusetshenziswa kwempahla ngokwakho ngaphandle kokuqinisekisa ukuthi iyafaneleka, ngoba ukufakwa okungafanele kungase kwenqatshwe ngesikhathi sokuhlolwa.
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6. Ukukhetha Amamitha Engeziwe Okuqapha Izitshalo Zikagesi Zelanga
Ngaphezu kwemitha yokusetshenziswa, amamitha engeziwe avame ukufakwa ukuze kuqashwe:
1. Ukukhiqizwa kwe-inverter (ukukhishwa kwe-PV)
2. Ukusetshenziswa komthwalo wasekhaya
3. Ukungenisa/ukuthumela kwamanye amazwe ezindaweni zegridi
Ukucushwa okuvamile:
– Kufakwe imitha “yegridi” emugqeni omkhulu eduze kwe-MCB eyinhloko ukuze kufundwe ukugeleza okuya/okuvela ku-PLN.
– Kufakwa imitha “yomthwalo” ukuze ifunde ukusetshenziswa komthwalo uma kudingeka ukuhlaziywa okuningiliziwe.
– Kufakwe imitha “ye-PV” ku-inverter output ukuze kuqoshwe ukukhiqizwa.
Izinzuzo zokufaka imitha yokuqapha:
– Ingathuthukisa ukusetshenziswa kwasemini (isb. ukuhambisa imithwalo efana namaphampu, imishini yokuwasha, noma ama-water heater ukuze ifinyelele emahoreni okukhiqiza aphezulu),
- Kusiza ekunqumeni izidingo zebhethri ezinhlelweni ze-hybrid,
– Kusheshisa ukutholakala kokuphazamiseka (isib. ukwehla komkhiqizo kodwa ukusetshenziswa kuyanda).
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7. Izinto Ezibalulekile Okufanele Uzicabangele: Izindleko, Uhlobo, Nokuthembeka
Uma ukhetha imitha, cabanga ngalokhu:
– Ukutholakala kwezingxenye ezisele kanye nensizakalo: khetha uhlobo olunesekelo elicacile.
– Ukumelana nemvelo: uma imitha ifakiwe endaweni eshisayo/enomswakama, qinisekisa izilinganiso ezifanele kanye nendawo ebiyelwe.
– Kulula ukufaka: Amamitha e-CT alula kuma-current amakhulu ngaphandle kokusika ikhebula eliyinhloko kakhulu, kodwa qiniseka ukuthi i-CT ifakwe ngendlela efanele.
– Ukuhambisana ne-inverter: amanye ama-inverter ancoma imitha ethile yomkhawulo wokuthumela ngaphandle, ukuthunyelwa ngaphandle kwe-zero, noma izici zokuqapha ukuze zisebenze kahle.
Kumasistimu asebenzisa ukukhawulela ukuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe noma ukungabikho kokuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe, imitha ehambisana ne-inverter ibaluleke kakhulu ngoba imitha "iyinzwa" eyinhloko yokulawula ngamandla amandla okukhipha i-inverter.
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8. Uhlu Lokuhlola Olusheshayo Lokukhetha Imitha Yezitshalo Zikagesi Zelanga
Nasi uhlu lokuhlola olusheshayo ngaphambi kokuthenga noma ukufaka imitha:
1. Ingabe uhlelo lwakho lusebenza kugridi/ku-hybrid/ngaphandle kwegridi?
2. Udinga ukuthumela ku-PLN noma ungazithumeleli?
3. Ukufakwa kwesigaba esisodwa noma ezintathu?
4. Uyini ugesi ophezulu? Udinga i-CT?
5. Imitha kumele ibe nezinhlangothi ezimbili (A+/A-)?
6. Udinga ukuxhumana kwe-Modbus/RS-485 ukuze kuhlanganiswe?
7. Yikuphi ukunemba okuncane okufunekayo?
8. Ingabe imitha iyahlangabezana nezindinganiso/ukuvunyelwa kwezinsizakusebenza?
9. Ingabe i-inverter iyahambisana nale mitha?
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Isiphetho
Ukukhetha imitha kagesi efanele yesistimu yakho yelanga ye-PV kubalulekile ekuqopheni okunembile kokungenisa nokuthumela amandla kwamanye amazwe, ukuqapha okusebenzayo, kanye nokuhambisana nemithetho. Kumasistimu elanga ye-PV asebenza kugridi, imitha eqondiswayo kabili ngokuvamile iyimfuneko eyinhloko, kanti imitha eyengeziwe enokuxhumana kwe-Modbus iwusizo kakhulu ekuqapheni nasekuthuthukiseni ukusetshenziswa kwamandla. Qiniseka ukuthi uhlela ukukhetha kwakho imitha ngohlobo lwesistimu yakho (kugridi/i-hybrid/ngaphandle kwegridi), ukucushwa kwesigaba, umthamo wamanje, kanye nezidingo zesevisi yendawo.
Uma ufuna, ngingakusiza ukuncoma uhlobo lwemitha ngokusekelwe kudatha yakho (amandla e-PLN, isigaba esingu-1/3, umthamo we-inverter, noma ngabe ufuna ukuthumela ngaphandle noma akukho ukuthumela ngaphandle, nokuthi ngabe kukhona ibhethri).
