Umsebenzi weMitha Kagesi ohlelweni lwephaneli yelanga
Ukuthuthukiswa kwamandla avuselelekayo, ikakhulukazi izitshalo zamandla elanga eziphahleni (i-PLTS), kuholele emakhaya amaningi namabhizinisi ukuthi aqale ukusebenzisa ukukhanya kwelanga njengomthombo oyinhloko noma owengeziwe kagesi. Kodwa-ke, ohlelweni lwamaphaneli elanga, amamojula elanga nama-inverter akuzona zodwa izingxenye ezibalulekile. Kukhona ingxenye eyodwa evame ukunganakwa, yize idlala indima ebalulekile ekuqopheni, ekulawuleni, nasekuphatheni amandla: imitha kagesi. Amamitha kagesi asiza abasebenzisi ukuqonda ukuthi kukhiqizwa amandla angakanani, asetshenziswayo, athunyelwa kugridi, noma angeniswa kusuka kugridi ye-PLN. Ngaphandle kokulinganisa okunembile, kuzoba nzima ukukhulisa izinzuzo zomnotho kanye nokuthembeka kohlelo.
Iyini iMetha kagesi futhi kungani ibalulekile?
Ngokuvamile, imitha kagesi iyithuluzi lokulinganisa amandla kagesi asetshenziswayo noma agelezayo ngaphakathi kokufakwa. Ezinhlelweni zikagesi ezivamile, imitha iqopha kuphela ukusetshenziswa okuvela kugridi. Kodwa-ke, ezinhlelweni zamaphaneli elanga, iphethini yokugeleza kwamandla iqondiswa yizinhlangothi ezimbili: ugesi ungageleza usuka kugridi uye ekhaya (ukungenisa) noma usuka kumaphaneli elanga uye kugridi (ukuthumela ngaphandle). Ngakho-ke, imitha kagesi ohlelweni lwamandla elanga inendima ekabili: ukuqopha ukuthengiselana kwamandla nokusebenza njengedivayisi yokulawula ukusekela ukuqapha ukusebenza kohlelo.
Ukuba khona kwamamitha kagesi kubalulekile ngezizathu ezintathu eziyinhloko. Okokuqala, ukucaca kwamandla, okusho ukuthi abasebenzisi bangabona ngokucacile ukuthi ugesi wabo uvelaphi nokuthi ugeleza kuphi. Okwesibili, ukubalwa kwezindleko okunembile, ikakhulukazi uma kusetshenziswa izinhlelo zokulinganisa ezinetha noma ukubalwa kokungenisa nokuthumela kwamanye amazwe. Okwesithathu, ukuphepha nokuthobela imithetho, ngoba ukufakwa kwamandla elanga okuxhunywe kugridi ngokuvamile kumele kuhambisane nezindinganiso zobuchwepheshe kanye nezinqubo zokuxhuma.
Izinhlobo Zamamitha Kagesi Ezinhlelweni Zamaphaneli Elanga
Empeleni, izinhlelo zamaphaneli elanga zingasebenzisa izinhlobo eziningana zamamitha, kuye ngokucushwa nezidingo:
1. Imitha ye-kWh yendlela eyodwa (ejwayelekile)
Le mitha ilinganisa kuphela amandla athathwe enkampanini kagesi kahulumeni (i-PLN). Ezinhlelweni ze-PV zelanga zanamuhla ezixhunywe ngegridi, amamitha ahamba ngendlela eyodwa ngokuvamile awanele ngoba awakwazi ukuqopha ukuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe.
2. Imitha enezindlela ezimbili (imitha eqondiswa kabili/enetha)
Amamitha aqondiswe kabili angaqopha ukungeniswa kwamandla kusuka kugridi kanye nokuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe kugridi. Lawa mamitha ngokuvamile asetshenziswa amakhasimende ezitshalo zamandla elanga ezisophahleni (i-PLTS) axhunywe ku-PLN (State Electricity Company) ukuze abale ngokunembile izikweletu zamandla kanye namakhredithi.
3. Imitha engaphansi komhlaba noma imitha yokukhiqiza (imitha yokukhiqiza)
Le mitha iklanyelwe ngqo ukukala amandla akhiqizwa yi-inverter noma i-PV output. Umsebenzi wayo akukhona ukukhokhisa inkampani kagesi, kodwa kunalokho ukuqapha ukusebenza kwejeneretha.
4. Amamitha ahlakaniphile namamitha anokuxhumana kwedatha
Amamitha ahlakaniphile angadlulisela idatha ngesikhathi sangempela noma ngezikhathi ezithile ngenethiwekhi yokuxhumana (isb., i-Wi-Fi, i-RS485, noma iselula). Ngamamitha ahlakaniphile, abanikazi bezitshalo zamandla elanga bangaqapha ukusetshenziswa kwansuku zonke kanye nokukhiqizwa futhi benze ukuhlaziywa komthwalo.
5. Imitha yesistimu ye-hybrid kanye nebhethri
Ezinhlelweni ezisebenzisa ibhethri, amamitha engeziwe avame ukusetshenziswa, njengemitha yebhethri noma imitha yamandla ezinikele ehlanganiswe ne-inverter ye-hybrid ukuqapha ukushaja nokukhipha ishaja.
Umsebenzi Oyinhloko Wemitha Kagesi Ohlelweni Lwephaneli Yelanga
1. Ukulinganisa Ukungeniswa Nokuthunyelwa Kwamandla Kugridi
Umsebenzi owaziwa kakhulu wemitha kagesi ohlelweni lwe-solar PV oluxhunywe ngegridi ukukala ukuthi ugesi ongakanani ovela enkampanini kagesi kahulumeni (i-PLN) nokuthi ugesi othunyelwa emuva ku-PLN ungakanani. Emini, lapho ukukhiqizwa kwamaphaneli elanga kuphezulu, umthwalo wendlu ungase ube ngaphansi komkhiqizo, ngakho-ke amandla amaningi athunyelwa kwamanye amazwe. Ebusuku, lapho amaphaneli elanga engakhiqizi ugesi, ikhaya lizongenisa amandla avela ku-PLN. Imitha eqondiswa yizinhlangothi zombili iqopha ukugeleza kwamandla kokubili ngokwehlukana, iqinisekisa ukubalwa okulungile nokusobala.
2. Isisekelo Sokubalwa Kwebhili kanye Nohlelo Lokulinganisa I-Net
Kwezinye izindawo, ukukhokhiswa kwamakhasimende esitshalo samandla elanga (i-PLTS) kuhilela izinhlelo ezithile, njengezikweletu zamandla okuthumela ngaphandle noma ukunciphisa izikweletu ngokusekelwe kumehluko phakathi kokungenisa nokuthumela ngaphandle. Ngaphandle kwemitha efanelekile, lezi zinhlelo azikwazi ukuqaliswa. Imitha isebenza "njengobufakazi bezinombolo" obakha isisekelo sokubala amandla ahlanzekile akhokhiswayo noma akhokhiswayo.
3. Ukuqapha Ukusebenza Kohlelo Lwephaneli Yelanga
Ngaphandle kokukhokhisa, amamitha asiza futhi ukuqinisekisa ukuthi izinhlelo ze-PV zisebenza kahle. Isibonelo, uma ukukhiqizwa kwamandla kwehla kakhulu ngaphansi kwesilinganiso, abanikazi bangasheshe babone izinkinga ezifana namamojula angcolile, izintambo ezikhululekile, ama-inverter alimele, noma izithunzi ezintsha ezivela ezakhiweni noma ezihlahleni. Ngedatha yamamitha okukhiqiza noma amamitha ahlakaniphile, ukuqapha kuba nembe kakhulu kunokubuka nje izinkomba ze-inverter.
4. Kusiza ekuphathweni kwemithwalo kanye nokusebenza kahle kwamandla
Enye yezinzuzo ezibalulekile kwezomnotho zezitshalo zamandla elanga ukwandisa isilinganiso sikagesi osetshenziswa ngqo ngamaphaneli elanga (ukuzisebenzisa). Ngokufunda idatha yamamitha, abasebenzisi bangalungisa imikhuba yabo yokusebenzisa amandla—isibonelo, ukusebenzisa imishini yokuwasha, amaphampu amanzi, noma ezinye izinto zikagesi ezinamandla amakhulu emini lapho ukukhiqizwa kusezingeni eliphezulu. Ngenxa yalokho, ukungeniswa kukagesi okuvela ku-PLN kuyancipha futhi ukonga kuyakhuphuka.
5. Isekela Ukuhlanganiswa Kwesistimu Yebhethri
Kuhlelo lwe-hybrid, imitha ilawula ukuthi ibhethri lishajwa nini nokuthi amandla asetshenziswa nini ebhethrini. Ama-inverter e-hybrid ngokuvamile adinga idatha enembile yokugeleza kwamandla ukuze anqume isu lokushaja elifanele: ukuthi kufanele kubekwe phambili ukusetshenziswa kwamandla e-PV komthwalo, kushajwe ibhethri, noma kuthunyelwe kugridi. Ngaphandle kokulinganisa okunembile, ibhethri lingashajwa ngokweqile noma lishajwe kancane, ekugcineni kuncishiswe ukusebenza kahle kwalo kanye nesikhathi sokuphila kwalo.
6. Ukutholwa Kweziphazamiso, Ukungalingani, kanye Nezici Zokuphepha
Amamitha anamuhla avame ukubonisa i-voltage, i-current, amandla asheshayo (kW), i-power factor, kanye ne-frequency. Lolu lwazi luwusizo ekutholeni ukuphazamiseka okufana nokushintshashintsha kwe-voltage, imithwalo engavamile, noma ikhwalithi yamandla ephansi. Ezinhlelweni eziboshwe ngegridi, ukuphepha kanye nekhwalithi yamandla kubalulekile ukugwema ukuphazamisa inethiwekhi nokugcina ukuhambisana nezindinganiso. Ngamamitha akwazi ukubonisa amapharamitha kagesi, abanikazi kanye nochwepheshe bangenza ukuxilongwa ngokushesha okukhulu.
7. Nikeza Imininingwane Yokuhlaziywa Kwesikhathi Eside Nokwenza Kusebenze Kahle
Idatha yamamitha yansuku zonke noma yanyanga zonke ingasetshenziswa ekuhlaziyeni izitayela: lapho ukusetshenziswa okuphezulu kwenzeka khona, ukuthi isidingo samandla sishintsha kanjani kusukela esizini kuya kwesinye, nokuthi amaphaneli elanga anikela kangakanani ekusetshenzisweni okuphelele. Lokhu kuhlaziya kuvumela abasebenzisi ukuthi banqume ukuthi bakhulise umthamo wamaphaneli, bafake amabhethri, noma bashintshe amaphethini okusetshenziswa kwamandla ukuze bathuthukise ukutshalwa kwezimali kwabo.
Ukubekwa Kwamamitha Ekucushweni Kwesistimu
Ngokuvamile kunezindawo ezimbili zokulinganisa eziyinhloko. Okokuqala, imitha efakwe ohlangothini lwamakhasimende lwegridi (ngokuvamile imitha ye-PLN) ukuqopha ukungeniswa nokuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe. Okwesibili, imitha yokukhiqiza ohlangothini lokukhipha i-inverter ukukala ukukhiqizwa kwamandla e-PV okuphelele. Ezinhlelweni eziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu, amamitha engeziwe angasetshenziswa ukuqapha amasekethe athile (njengemithwalo ebalulekile) noma ukuhlukanisa ukusetshenziswa kwebhizinisi nezindlu.
Indawo yokufaka kumele ihambisane nomklamo wokufaka kanye nezindinganiso zokuphepha kagesi. Imitha kumele ifakwe kuphaneli efinyeleleka kalula, ivikelwe ekushiseni okukhulu kanye nomswakama, futhi ifakwe izintambo kanye nesivikelo esifanele.
Isiphetho
Imitha kagesi ohlelweni lwephaneli yelanga ingaphezu nje kwemitha ye-kWh, kodwa iyingxenye ebalulekile eqinisekisa ukulinganisa amandla okunembile, ukuqapha uhlelo okusebenzayo, kanye nokubala okusobala kwezomnotho. Ngamamitha amabili, amakhasimende angaqopha ngokucacile ukungeniswa kwamandla nokuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe, kuyilapho amamitha okukhiqiza kanye namamitha ahlakaniphile esiza ukuqapha ukusebenza kwamaphaneli elanga futhi athuthukise ukusetshenziswa kukagesi. Ezinhlelweni ze-hybrid, amamitha nawo asekela ukuhlanganiswa kwebhethri ukuze kuphathwe amandla ngendlela ephumelelayo. Ngakho-ke, ukuqonda umsebenzi wamamitha kagesi nokukhetha uhlobo olufanele kuyisinyathelo esibalulekile sokukhulisa izinzuzo zezitshalo zamandla elanga—kokubili ngokonga izindleko, ukuthembeka kohlelo, kanye negalelo lazo emandleni ahlanzekile.
