Amadivayisi Avikelayo Ezinhlelo Zamandla Elanga
Izinhlelo zamandla elanga (i-PLTS) ziya ngokuya zisetshenziswa emakhaya, ezakhiweni zezentengiselwano, ezimbonini nasezindaweni zomphakathi. Ngaphandle kokuba umthombo wamandla ohlanzekile noningi, i-PLTS inganciphisa nezindleko zikagesi futhi yandise ukuphepha kwamandla. Kodwa-ke, njengezinye izinhlelo zikagesi, i-PLTS ibhekene nezingozi ezahlukahlukene: ukukhuphuka kwamandla kagesi, ama-overcurrent, ama-short circuits, ukushaya kombani okungaqondile, amaphutha okufakwa, kanye nokuwohloka kwezingxenye ngenxa yokushisa nendawo ezungezile. Ngakho-ke, amadivayisi okuvikela abalulekile ekusebenzeni kwesistimu okuphephile, okuzinzile, nokuhlala isikhathi eside.
Lesi sihloko sixoxa ngamadivayisi avikelayo ayinhloko ezinhlelweni zamandla elanga, imisebenzi yawo, kanye nezimiso zokubeka ezivame ukusetshenziswa.
Kungani Izinhlelo Zamandla Elanga Zidinga Ukuvikelwa?
Isitshalo samandla elanga (i-PLTS) sakhiwe yizingxenye eziningana: amamojula elanga (i-PV), izintambo ze-DC kanye nezixhumi, ibhokisi lokuhlanganisa, i-inverter, amabhethri (uma kuyisistimu ye-hybrid/off-grid), kanye nephaneli yokusabalalisa i-AC exhunywe kumthwalo noma kugridi ye-PLN. Ingxenye ngayinye inezici nezingozi ezahlukene. Uhlangothi lwe-DC lungaba nama-voltage aphezulu kanye nemisinga emikhulu eqhubeka nokugeleza lapho kunokukhanya, ngakho-ke ukuphazamiseka kwamanje kanye nokuphathwa kwamaphutha kuhlukile kohlangothi lwe-AC. Okwamanje, uhlangothi lwe-AC luvezwa ezingozini ezivamile zokufakwa kukagesi ezifana nokushisa ngokweqile, ukwehluleka kokufakwa kokushisa, kanye nokuvuza kwamanje.
Ngaphandle kokuvikelwa okufanele, ukuphazamiseka okuncane kungadala umonakalo we-inverter, kufinyeze izintambo, kushise, noma kufake engozini ukuphepha kochwepheshe kanye nabantu abahlala esakhiweni. Ukuvikelwa okufanele futhi kwenza kube lula ukulungiswa: uhlelo lungahlukaniswa ingxenye ngengxenye, iphutha lingatholakala endaweni, futhi izingxenye zingashintshwa ngokuphephile.
1) Ama-fuse e-DC ne-AC
Ama-fuse ayizinto zokuvikela ezilula nezisetshenziswa kakhulu. Umsebenzi wawo ukuphazamisa ugesi uma kwenzeka ugesi udlula noma ugesi ufushane. Ezitshalweni zamandla elanga (PLTS), ama-fuse e-DC avame ukufakwa ku-string ngayinye yephaneli (uchungechunge lwamamojula) ngaphambi kokungena ebhokisini lokuhlanganisa noma i-inverter. Lokhu kubalulekile ngoba uma i-string eyodwa ihlangabezana nephutha, ugesi obuyela emuva ovela kwezinye izintambo ungageleza uye entanjeni eyonakele bese ushisa izintambo noma izixhumi.
I-fuse ye-AC ifakiwe ohlangothini lokukhipha lwe-inverter ukuvikela isekethe ye-AC ekushiseni ngokweqile. Ukukhetha i-fuse kufanele kucabangele isilinganiso samanje, amandla okuphuka, kanye nokufaneleka kwe-DC noma i-AC. Ama-fuse e-DC awakwazi ukushintshwa nje ngama-fuse e-AC ngoba ukucima i-arc ye-DC kunzima kakhulu.
2) I-MCB kanye ne-MCCB (I-Circuit Breaker)
Ama-MCB (ama-Miniature Circuit Breakers) kanye nama-MCCB (ama-Molded Case Circuit Breakers) asebenza njengesivikelo somsinga odlulayo kanye nese-short-circuit, futhi angasetshenziswa futhi njenge-manual breakers. Ohlangothini lwe-AC, ama-MCB avame ukusetshenziswa kuma-load circuits kanye nemigqa yokusabalalisa. Ohlangothini lwe-DC, kune-DC MCB ekhethekile eyenzelwe ama-voltage e-DC kanye nezici ze-arc.
Inzuzo yama-circuit breaker kune-fuse ukuthi angasethwa kabusha ngemva kokukhubeka (inqobo nje uma imbangela yephutha isixazululiwe). Kodwa-ke, ukufakwa kwe-solar PV kuvame ukuhlanganisa ama-fuse nama-circuit breaker kuye ngezidingo zomklamo, izilinganiso zamanje, kanye nokucushwa kwentambo.
3) I-SPD (Idivayisi Yokuvikela Ukwanda) noma i-Voltage Surge Arrestor
Ama-SPD avikela imishini ekukhuphukeni kwamandla kagesi okudlulayo okubangelwa umbani ongaqondile, ukushintshana komthwalo omkhulu, noma ukuphazamiseka kwegridi. Ukunyuka kwamandla kagesi kungalimaza ama-inverter, ama-MPPT, izinhlelo zokuqapha, namadivayisi okuxhumana. Ezitshalweni zamandla elanga (i-PLTS), ama-SPD avame ukufakwa ku:
– Uhlangothi lwe-DC: eduze kwebhokisi lokuhlanganisa noma okokufaka kwe-inverter (i-SPD DC).
– Uhlangothi lwe-AC: kuphaneli yokusabalalisa okukhiphayo kwe-inverter (i-SPD AC).
– Indlela yokuxhumana: i-ethernet/RS485 uma kukhona imishini yokuqapha esengozini.
Ukukhethwa kwe-SPD kubheka isigaba (Uhlobo 1/Uhlobo 2), i-voltage yesistimu, kanye nomthamo wamanje wokukhuphuka. Ezindaweni ezinengozi ephezulu yombani noma izakhiwo ezinezinhlelo zokuvikela umbani, ukubambisana phakathi kwe-SPD kanye nohlelo lokumisa umhlaba kubalulekile.
4) I-RCD/ELCB/RCCB (Ukuvikelwa Kokuvuza Kwamanje)
I-RCD (Idivayisi Yamanje Esele) noma i-ELCB/RCCB ithola ukuvuza kwamanje emhlabathini, okungabangela ukushaqeka kukagesi noma umlilo. Ezinhlelweni ze-AC, ama-RCD avame ukusetshenziswa ukuvikela abantu ekuthintaneni okungaqondile. Ezitshalweni zamandla elanga, ukusetshenziswa kwawo kudinga ukucatshangelwa kohlobo lwe-inverter (olungena-transformer noma olungena-transformer) kanye nokwenzeka kwezingxenye zokuvuza ze-DC ezingathinta ukusebenza kwe-RCD.
Kwezinye izinhlelo, uhlobo oluthile lwe-RCD (isibonelo, uhlobo A noma uhlobo B) lusetshenziswa ngokwezincomo zomkhiqizi we-inverter kanye nezindinganiso zokufaka. Lokhu kuqinisekisa ukuthi i-RCD ayikhubeki ngokungeyikho kodwa ihlala isebenza kahle uma kwenzeka ukuvuza kwamandla kagesi okuyingozi.
5) I-DC Isolator (Iswishi Yokunqamula I-DC)
I-DC i-isolator iyiswishi evumela ochwepheshe ukuthi banqamule ukuxhumana phakathi kwamaphaneli elanga kanye ne-inverter ngokuphephile. Lokhu kubalulekile ngesikhathi sokulungiswa kwe-inverter, ukushintshwa kwezingxenye, noma ukuhlolwa. Ngenxa yokuthi uhlangothi lwe-PV luzoqhubeka nokukhiqiza ugesi uma luvezwa ekukhanyeni, ukunqanyulwa okuphephile nokubhalwe ngokucacile kuvimbela ingozi yokushaqeka kukagesi kanye ne-DC arcing.
Ama-DC isolators kumele abe nezilinganiso ezifanele ze-voltage kanye nezamanje futhi aklanyelwe ngqo i-DC ukuze acime i-arc. Ngokuvamile atholakala eduze kwe-inverter, futhi kweminye imiklamo, atholakala nasebhokisini lokuhlanganisa.
6) Ukuvikelwa Kwebhethri: Ama-BMS, amaFuse, nama-Circuit Breakers
Ezinhlelweni ezisebenzisa amabhethri (ngaphandle kwegridi noma i-hybrid), ukuvikelwa kwebhethri kubalulekile ngoba amabhethri agcina amandla amaningi futhi angakhipha ugesi ophezulu kakhulu ngesikhathi samasekethe amafushane. Amadivayisi avamile okuvikela afaka:
– I-BMS (Uhlelo Lokuphatha Ibhethri): iqapha i-voltage yeseli ngayinye, izinga lokushisa, i-charge/discharge current, futhi iyanqamula uma amapharamitha edlula imingcele ephephile.
– I-Fuse noma i-DC circuit breaker entanjeni yebhethri: ivikela izintambo nemishini emifudlaneni ye-short circuit.
– I-contactor noma i-relay: ivumela ukunqamula okuzenzakalelayo ezimweni ezingavamile.
Lokhu kuvikela kusiza ukuvimbela ukushisa ngokweqile, ukulimala kwamaseli, kanye nengozi yokubaleka kokushisa ezinhlotsheni ezithile zamabhethri.
7) Ukubumba (Ukubumba/Ukubumba) kanye Nokubopha
Ukubeka phansi akukhona nje "ukufaka ikhebula emhlabathini," kodwa kunalokho uhlelo oluklanyelwe ukuhambisa ngokuphephile amaphutha kanye nokwanda kwemisinga, ukunciphisa ama-voltage okuxhumana, kanye nokwandisa ukusebenza kahle kwama-SPD kanye nokuvikelwa kwamanje okuvuzayo. Ezitshalweni zamandla elanga, ukubeka phansi kuhlanganisa:
– Ukubeka phansi uhlaka lwemojuli kanye nesakhiwo sokuyifaka
- Ukufakwa kwesisekelo kwephaneli ye-inverter kanye nekagesi
- Ukuhlangana phakathi kwezingxenye zensimbi ukuvimbela umehluko ongaba khona
Ukwakheka komhlabathi kuthonywa uhlobo lwesistimu (i-grid-tie, i-hybrid), uhlobo lwe-inverter, kanye nezindinganiso zendawo. Ukungawubeki phansi okungekuhle kungenza i-SPD ingasebenzi futhi kwandise ingozi yomonakalo ngesikhathi sokukhuphuka kwamandla kagesi.
8) Ukuvikelwa Kokushisa Nokuphathwa Kwekhebula
Ngaphandle kwamadivayisi kagesi, izici zemishini nezokushisa nazo zidlala indima ebalulekile. Izintambo ze-DC ezivezwe elangeni, izixhumi ezikhululekile, noma ukuhanjiswa kwezintambo okungafakwanga kahle kungaholela ezindaweni ezishisayo, ukonakala kokushisa, kanye nemililo. Ngakho-ke, ezinye izinyathelo ezibalulekile zokuvikela zifaka:
- Ukukhethwa kwezintambo ze-PV ezine-UV kanye nokuvikela ukushisa okuphezulu
- Ukusetshenziswa kwezivikelo zepayipi noma zekhebula ezindaweni ezisengozini
– Hlela izintambo ukuze zingacindezelwa, zinganamatheli emaphethelweni abukhali, futhi zikhululeke ukucindezelwa.
– Hlola ukuthi isixhumi se-MC4 (noma esifanayo) siyahambisana futhi sifakwe ngokwe-torque.
Nakuba kungase kubonakale kulula, lo mkhuba uvame ukuba yisihluthulelo sokuphepha kwesikhathi eside.
Izimiso Zokubeka Ukuvikelwa Okuhle
Ngokuvamile, ukuvikelwa kubekwa eduze ngangokunokwenzeka nomthombo ongaba khona wephutha noma umthombo wamandla: ama-string fuse eduze kwe-combiner, ama-SPD eduze kwe-inverter/iphaneli, ama-battery breakers eduze kwebhethri, kanye nama-isolator ezindaweni ezifinyeleleka kalula esimweni esiphuthumayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukubambisana phakathi kwamadivayisi kubalulekile: izilinganiso ze-MCB, ama-fuse, kanye nezintambo kumele ziqondaniswe ukuze idivayisi eseduze nephutha ikhubeke, kunokuba ivale lonke uhlelo.
Imibhalo nayo iyingxenye yokuvikela: amalebula, imidwebo yomugqa owodwa, kanye nezinqubo zokuvala eziphuthumayo kusiza ochwepheshe nabasebenzisi ukuthi benze ngokushesha nangokuphepha.
I-Penutup
Imishini yokuvikela yesistimu yamandla elanga iwukutshalwa kwezimali okunquma ukuphepha, ukuthembeka, kanye nokuphila kwesikhathi kwemishini. Ama-Fuse, ama-MCB/MCCB, ama-SPD, ama-RCD, ama-DC isolators, ukuvikelwa kwebhethri nge-BMS, kanye nokufakwa okufanele yizinto ezibalulekile okufanele zihlelwe kusukela ekuqaleni komklamo. Ngokuvikelwa okufanele kanye nokufakwa okujwayelekile, uhlelo lwamandla elanga ngeke lukhiqize amandla ahlanzekile kuphela kodwa futhi luzosebenza ngokuphepha futhi luphazamiseke kancane isikhathi eside.
Uma ungathanda, ngingaguqula lesi sihloko sibe yinguqulo yobuchwepheshe kakhulu (enezibonelo zezinhlelo zokuvikela kanye nezincomo zokulinganisa ezijwayelekile) noma inguqulo elula yomfundi ovamile.
