Amamitha kagesi ezinhlelo zamaphaneli elanga: Umhlahlandlela oyisisekelo
Ukusetshenziswa kwamaphaneli elanga ophahleni (i-PLTS) kuya ngokuya kuthandwa ngenxa yekhono lawo lokunciphisa izikweletu zikagesi, ukwandisa ukuzimela kwamandla, nokusekela ukunciphisa ukukhishwa komoya ongcolile. Kodwa-ke, ukuze uhlelo lwamaphaneli elanga lusebenze kahle futhi lugcine izibalo ezinembile, ingxenye eyodwa ivame ukunganakwa kodwa ibalulekile: imitha kagesi. Imitha ingaphezu nje kwedivayisi eqopha ukusetshenziswa; "ibhuloho" phakathi kwamandla owasebenzisayo, amandla akhiqizwa amaphaneli elanga, futhi—uma exhunywe kugridi—amandla athunyelwa noma angeniswa kusuka kusevisi.
Lesi sihloko sixoxa ngezinto eziyisisekelo zamamitha kagesi ezinhlelo zamaphaneli elanga: izinhlobo zawo, indlela asebenza ngayo, izindawo zokufaka, nezinto okudingeka uzinake ngaphambi kokufaka iphaneli yelanga.
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1. Indima yamamitha kagesi ezinhlelweni zamaphaneli elanga
Ekhaya noma esakhiweni esingenazo izibani zelanga, imitha kagesi ivame ukuqopha into eyodwa kuphela: ugesi owudonsayo kugridi (kWh). Uma izibani zelanga sezifakiwe, ukugeleza kwamandla kuba ngezindlela ezimbili:
1. Amaphaneli elanga akhiqiza ugesi (nge-inverter).
2. Ugesi usetshenziswa ngqo yimithwalo endlini (ukuzisebenzisa ngokwakho).
3. Uma ukukhiqizwa kungaphezu kokusetshenziswa, amandla angaphezulu angenza lokhu:
– igcinwe ebhethrini (uma ikhona), noma
– ithunyelwe kunethiwekhi (iboshwe ngegridi), kuye ngohlelo nemithetho esebenzayo.
4. Uma umkhiqizo uncane, ukushoda kuthathwa kunethiwekhi.
Ngakho-ke, imitha ohlelweni lwephaneli yelanga ingasebenza ku:
- ukulinganisa ukungeniswa kwamandla okuvela ku-PLN/grid,
- linganisa ukuthunyelwa kwamandla kugridi,
- linganisa ukusetshenziswa okuphelele ohlangothini lwamakhasimende,
– ukulinganisa ukukhiqizwa kwamaphaneli elanga (ukulinganisa ukwenziwa),
– hlinzeka ngemininingwane yokuqapha nokuhlaziya.
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2. Izinhlobo zamamitha kagesi asetshenziswa kakhulu
a) Imitha yendlela eyodwa (yokungenisa kuphela)
Lolu uhlobo olujwayelekile lwemitha olulinganisa amandla angena ekhaya kuphela. Ezinhlelweni zelanga ezixhunywe ngegridi, amamitha ahamba ngendlela eyodwa ngokuvamile awafaneleki ezinhlelweni zokuthumela amandla ngaphandle ngoba awaklanyelwe ukuqopha ukugeleza kokubuya (ukuthumela ngaphandle). Kuye ngemodeli, imitha ingenza lokhu:
– kusabalwa ukungenisa kuphela (hhayi ukubheka ukuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe), noma
– kungenzeka ukuthi kuqoshwe kabi uma kukhona ukugeleza kwamanzi emuva (yingakho izinsiza zivame ukudinga amamitha athile).
b) Imitha enezindlela ezimbili (ukulinganisa okubili/okunetha)
Amamitha anezindlela ezimbili angaqopha:
– ukungenisa kwe-kWh (kusuka kugridi kuya kumakhasimende)
– ukuthekelisa kwe-kWh (kusuka kumakhasimende kuya kugridi)
Kwezinye izinhlelo, ukukhokhisa kubalwa ngokususa ukuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe kusuka ekungenisweni (okuphelele), noma ngokusebenzisa indlela ethile yesikweletu/isinxephezelo. Amamitha anezindlela ezimbili yiwona amadivayisi avame kakhulu ekufakweni kwelanga okusemthethweni, okuxhunywe ngegridi ophahleni.
c) Imitha yokuthumela ngaphandle ehlukile
Kweminye imiklamo noma imithethonqubo, ukuthunyelwa kwamandla kubhalwa phansi ngemitha ehlukile (ngaphezu kwemitha yokungenisa). Lokhu kuhloswe ukuthuthukisa ukugcinwa kwamarekhodi, ikakhulukazi ezinhlelweni zentela yokungenisa noma ukuthengwa kukagesi yizikhungo.
d) Imitha encane/imitha yokuqapha yangaphakathi
Ngaphezu kwamamitha kagesi, abanikazi bamandla elanga abaningi bafaka amamitha engeziwe ukuze baqaphe ngokuningiliziwe, isibonelo:
– imitha yokukhiqiza ohlangothini lokukhipha lwe-AC lwe-inverter,
– imitha yokusetshenziswa kwendlu kuphaneli eyinhloko,
– inzwa yamanje (i-CT clamp) emgqeni othize.
Idatha evela kule sub-meter ivame ukuboniswa kuhlelo lokusebenza lwe-inverter noma ipulatifomu yokuqapha amandla.
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3. Qonda imigomo: ukungenisa, ukuthumela ngaphandle, kanye ne-net
Ukuze ugweme ukudideka lapho ufunda imibiko noma uqapha izinhlelo zokusebenza, qonda la magama amathathu:
– Ukungenisa: amandla owathatha kugridi lapho ukukhiqizwa kwe-PV kungaphansi komthwalo.
– Ukuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe: amandla amaningi avela ku-PV (noma ibhethri) ageleza kugridi.
– I-Net: Umehluko phakathi kokungeniswa kanye nokuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe ngesikhathi esithile. Kwezinye izinhlelo, yilokhu okuthonya ukubalwa kwezindleko, kodwa imithetho iyahlukahluka kuye ngezwe/isifunda.
Isibonelo esilula:
– Ngenyanga eyodwa ungenisa amandla angu-300 kWh bese uthumela ngaphandle angu-120 kWh.
– “Inetha” ingu-180 kWh. Kodwa-ke, umthethosivivinywa wokugcina uncike ohlelweni lwentela, izindleko ezihleliwe, i-VAT, kanye nemithetho yesinxephezelo.
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4. Ifakwe kuphi imitha ohlelweni lwephaneli yelanga?
Ngokuvamile, kunezindawo eziningana zokulinganisa:
1. Imitha yokusetshenziswa endaweni yokuxhuma (uxhumano lwegridi / imitha ye-PLN kWh)
– Ngokuvamile itholakala ngaphandle kwendlu noma kuphaneli yemitha.
– Qopha ukungeniswa/ukuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe ngokohlobo lwemitha.
2. Imitha yokukhiqiza (imitha yokukhiqiza)
– Kufakwe emgqeni wokukhipha we-inverter (ohlangothini lwe-AC) kuphaneli yokusabalalisa.
– Linganisa amandla aphelele akhiqizwa yisitshalo samandla elanga (ukukhiqizwa kwe-kWh).
3. Imitha yomthwalo/yokusetshenziswa
– Kufakwe emgqeni wokuhambisa umthwalo oyinhloko.
- Linganisa ukusetshenziswa kwesakhiwo okuphelele.
Ngale nhlanganisela yamaphuzu, ungathola ukuthi yiliphi iphesenti lamandla e-PV asetshenziswa ngqo, lingakanani elithunyelwa kwamanye amazwe, nokuthi nini lapho ikhaya lakho lichitha khona imali kakhulu.
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5. Imitha nohlobo lwesistimu: Kugridi, i-hybrid, ngaphandle kwegridi
a) Uhlelo olusebenza kugridi (ngaphandle kwebhethri)
- Ukugxila kokulinganisa: ukungenisa nokuthumela inethiwekhi.
– Amamitha ahamba ngezindlela ezimbili abalulekile.
– Uma kungavunyelwe ukuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe (ukuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe ku-zero), udinga isilawuli se-inverter + imitha/i-CT ukuze uvimbele ukugeleza emuva kugridi.
b) Uhlelo lwe-Hybrid (olunebhethri)
– Ukugeleza kwamandla kuyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu: i-PV → umthwalo, i-PV → ibhethri, ibhethri → umthwalo, ibhethri → ukuthumela ngaphandle (uma kuvunyelwe).
– Ukuqapha amamitha kusiza ukusetha amasu: ukubeka phambili ukuzisebenzisa, ukushefa kakhulu, noma ukusekela.
– Kwamanye ama-inverter ahlanganisiwe, imitha/i-CT iyisici esiyimpoqo ukuze i-inverter yazi ukuthi izoshaja/ikhiphe nini.
c) Uhlelo olungaphandle kwegridi (ngaphandle kwenethiwekhi)
– Amamitha kagesi awabalulekile njengoba kungekho ukungenisa/ukuthumela kwamanye amazwe.
– Amamitha okukhiqiza nokusetshenziswa kwawo ayasiza ekuphathweni kwamandla: ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ibhethri aliphumi njalo, nokuthi umthamo we-PV wanele.
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6. Ukunemba nezindinganiso: kungani kubalulekile?
Amamitha asetshenziselwa ukukhokhisa ngokuvamile anezinga elithile lokunemba kanye nesigaba (isb., Isigaba 1 noma ngaphezulu), avalwe, futhi ahlangabezana nezidingo zesevisi. Kumamitha angaphakathi, ukunemba kubalulekile futhi ukuze ugweme ukudukisa ukuhlaziywa kwakho—isibonelo, lapho ubala imali eyongiwe noma uhlola ukusebenza kwephaneli.
Ngaphandle kokunemba, qaphela:
– isilinganiso samandla kagesi/i-voltage ngokuya ngamandla enkontileka kanye nokucushwa kwesigaba esi-1/isigaba sesi-3,
– ukuhambisana ne-CT (i-transformer yamanje) uma kudingeka,
– ukwesekwa kokuxhumana (RS485/Modbus, Wi-Fi, Zigbee) kokuqapha ukuhlanganiswa.
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7. Kuvunyelwe ukuthunyelwa ngaphandle kwe-zero vs ukuthunyelwa ngaphandle
Akuzona zonke izindawo noma izinkontileka ezivumela ukuthunyelwa kukagesi kwamanye amazwe. Kuhlelo olungenalo ukuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe, uhlelo kumele luqinisekise ukuthi akukho mandla ageleza kugridi. Lokhu kuvame ukufezwa ngokuthi:
– Inzwa ye-CT endaweni yokuxhuma,
- ama-inverter anesici sokunciphisa ukuthumela ngaphandle,
– lawula izilungiselelo ezilungisa ngokuguquguqukayo umphumela we-inverter.
Kuhlelo oluvunyelwe ukuthumela ngaphandle, imitha enezindlela ezimbili izoqopha amandla okuthumela ngaphandle futhi indlela yokubuyisela izolandela inqubomgomo yendawo.
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8. Yini okudingeka uyihlole ngaphambi kokufaka?
Ngaphambi kokufaka isitshalo samandla elanga kanye namamitha ahambisanayo, cabanga ngohlu lokuhlola olulandelayo:
1. Uhlobo lokuxhumeka kukagesi: isigaba esi-1 noma isigaba esi-3? Lokhu kuthinta uhlobo lwemitha kanye nomklamo we-inverter.
2. Imithethonqubo yezinsizakusebenza: ingabe kuvunyelwe ukuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe? Ingabe amamitha ahamba ngezindlela ezimbili ayimpoqo? Ingabe kunezinqubo zokuhlola?
3. Umthamo wamandla: qinisekisa ukuthi isilinganiso semitha/i-CT sihambisana nomthamo wamandla ophezulu.
4. Izidingo zokuqapha: ingabe ufuna nje "ukusebenzisa nokulondoloza", noma ufuna idatha enemininingwane yehora ngalinye?
5. Ukubekwa kanye nokuphepha: imitha kanye nephaneli kumele kufinyeleleke kalula ukuze kuhlolwe, kuvikelwe esimweni sezulu (uma kungaphandle), futhi kufakwe kahle ebhokisini lephaneli elijwayelekile.
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9. Ukufunda idatha yamamitha kanye nezinhlelo zokusebenza zokuqapha
Abanye abanikazi bezitshalo zikagesi zelanga badidekile ngoba idatha yohlelo lokusebenza lwe-inverter ayifani njalo nokufundwa kwemitha yokusetshenziswa. Lokhu kungaba ngenxa yalokhu:
– amaphuzu okulinganisa ahlukene (amamitha okusetshenziswa kugridi, izinhlelo zokusebenza ezisebenzisa amamitha okukhiqiza),
- ukuqoqwa kwedatha ngesikhathi ngasinye,
- umehluko esikhathini sokurekhoda,
– ukulahlekelwa kobuchwepheshe (izintambo, ama-inverter, ukuguqulwa).
Ukuze uthole ukuhlolwa okunembile:
– sebenzisa amamitha okusetshenziswa njengereferensi eyinhloko yokungenisa/ukuthumela kwamanye amazwe,
– sebenzisa amamitha okukhiqiza ukuhlola ukusebenza kwe-PV,
- qhathanisa izitayela zanyanga zonke, hhayi nje izinombolo zansuku zonke.
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10. Isiphetho
Imitha kagesi iyisici esibalulekile ohlelweni lwephaneli yelanga—hhayi nje kuphela ekukhokhiseni, kodwa futhi nasekuqinisekiseni ukuthi uhlelo lusebenza ngokuhambisana, ngokuphephile, nangokusebenza kahle. Ezinhlelweni zegridi, imitha enezindlela ezimbili ivame ukuba yinto ebalulekile ukuqinisekisa amarekhodi acacile okungenisa nokuthumela ngaphandle. Okwamanje, amamitha angaphansi okukhiqiza nokusetshenziswa akusiza ukuthi uqonde amaphethini okusebenzisa, uthuthukise ukusetshenziswa kwakho, futhi ubale ukonga ngendlela engokoqobo.
Uma uhlela isitshalo samandla elanga (i-PLTS), qiniseka ukuthi uxoxa nomfaki ngohlobo lwemitha edingekayo, indawo yokufaka, kanye nemithetho yendawo. Ngokulinganisa okufanele, ukutshalwa kwezimali kwakho kwephaneli yelanga kuzoba sobala kakhulu, kulinganiswe, futhi kuveze imiphumela emihle kakhulu.
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Uma ufisa, ngingavumelanisa lesi sihloko nomongo wase-Indonesia ngokuqondile (isb. igama elithi “EXIM” imitha, izinhlelo zokuthumela nokungenisa ezifanelekile, kanye nezibonelo zokubala inkokhelo) noma ngidale inguqulo yobuchwepheshe yabafaki.
