Amakhebula adingekayo ohlelweni lwephaneli yelanga
Kuhlelo lwephaneli yelanga (i-PLTS), izintambo zivame ukubhekwa njengesici esilula—kodwa zidlala indima ebalulekile ekusebenzeni kahle kwesistimu, ukuphepha, kanye nokuthembeka. Ukukhetha uhlobo lwekhebula olungalungile noma usayizi onqamula ingxenye kungaholela ekulahlekelweni kwamandla (ukwehla kwamandla kagesi), ukushisa ngokweqile, ngisho nengozi yomlilo. Lesi sihloko sixoxa ngezinhlobo zezintambo ezidingekayo ohlelweni lwephaneli yelanga, imisebenzi yazo, kanye nezinto ezibalulekile zokufaka kahle nangokuphephile.
1. Kungani ukukhetha izintambo zezitshalo zamandla elanga kubalulekile?
Uhlelo lwephaneli yelanga luletha ugesi we-DC (oqondile wamanje) kusuka kumamojula elanga kuya kwamanye amadivayisi afana namabhokisi okuhlanganisa, abalawuli beshaja, ama-inverter, futhi ekugcineni kugridi yomthwalo noma yamandla. Ugesi ungaba mkhulu impela, ikakhulukazi ezinhlelweni ze-voltage ephansi (isb., 12V noma 24V). Uma izintambo zincane kakhulu, ukumelana kukagesi kuyanda, okubangela ukuthi izintambo zishise futhi kubangele ukwehla kwamandla kagesi, okunciphisa ukusebenza.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukufakwa kwamaphaneli elanga kuvame ukuba ngaphandle, kuvezwe emisebeni ye-UV, emvuleni, emswakama, kanye nokushintsha okukhulu kwezinga lokushisa. Ngakho-ke, izintambo kumele zivikeleke esimweni sezulu, zimelane ne-UV, futhi zibe nokushisa okuhambisana nezindinganiso zikagesi ze-DC.
2. Ikhebula le-DC elikhethekile lamaphaneli elanga (Ikhebula le-PV)
Ikhebula elihlotshaniswa kakhulu nezinhlelo zamaphaneli elanga yikhebula le-PV, elivame ukubizwa ngokuthi ikhebula lelanga. Lena ikhebula eliyi-single-core elenzelwe ngqo ukuhambisa ugesi we-DC kusuka kumaphaneli. Izici zalo eziyinhloko yilezi:
– Imelana ne-UV kanye nesimo sezulu: ifanele ukufakwa ophahleni noma ezindaweni ezivulekile.
– Ukuvikela okukabili: ngokuvamile kunejazi langaphandle kanye nokuvikela kwangaphakathi ukuze kuphephe kakhulu.
– Ukumelana nokushisa okuphezulu: ngokuvamile kuklanyelwe ukusebenza ebangeni elibanzi lokushisa.
– Imelana nokuguguleka: ayilinyazwa kalula ukuguguleka kohlaka noma indlela yekhebula.
Ikhebula le-PV lisetshenziselwa ukuxhuma:
– kusukela kuphaneli kuya kuphaneli (intambo)
- kusukela ebhokisini lezintambo kuya ebhokisini lokuhlanganisa
– kusukela ebhokisini lokuhlanganisa kuya ku-inverter (ingxenye ye-DC)
Osayizi abavame ukusetshenziswa yi-4 mm² kanye ne-6 mm², kodwa usayizi ofanele kumele ubalwe ngokusekelwe kumandla kagesi aphezulu, ubude bekhebula, kanye nomkhawulo wokulahlekelwa kwamandla kagesi ovunyelwe.
3. Intambo yephaneli yelanga kanye nesixhumi se-MC4
Ekufakweni kwamaphaneli elanga, ukuxhumeka kwe-intermodule kuvame ukusebenzisa izixhumi ze-MC4 (noma ezihambisanayo). Izintambo ze-PV zivame ukufakwa kusengaphambili kumaphaneli, kodwa uma kwandiswe ibanga, kudingeka izintambo ze-PV ezengeziwe ezinezixhumi ze-MC4.
Izinto okufanele uziqaphele:
– Qiniseka ukuthi isixhumi se-MC4 sisezingeni elihle futhi sihlangabezana nezindinganiso, ngoba ukuxhumana okuxekethile kungabangela ukushisa (izindawo ezishisayo).
– Ungahlanganisi izixhumi ezivela kumikhiqizo ehlukene uma zingahambisani, ngoba lokhu kungabangela ukuthintana okungafanele.
– Sebenzisa ithuluzi elikhethekile lokugoqa ukuze amaphini okuxhuma afakwe kahle futhi angakhululeki kalula.
I-MC4 ngokwayo ayiyona ikhebula, kodwa idivayisi ehlobene eduze ngoba “iyisixhumanisi” esiyinhloko ohlangothini lwe-DC lwephaneli.
4. Ikhebula lebhethri
Kumasistimu e-PV yelanga angaphandle kwegridi noma ahlanganisiwe asebenzisa amabhethri, izintambo zebhethri ziyingxenye yesibili ebaluleke kakhulu ngemuva kwezintambo ze-PV. Ngokungafani nohlangothi lwephaneli, izintambo zebhethri ziphethe ugesi omkhulu, ikakhulukazi lapho i-inverter idonsa amandla aphezulu.
Izici zekhebula lebhethri elihle:
– I-fibre encane (eguquguqukayo): yenza ukufakwa kube lula futhi imelane nokudlidliza.
– Isigaba esikhulu: singaba ngu-16 mm², 25 mm², 35 mm², 50 mm², noma ngaphezulu, kuye ngokuthi i-inverter kanye nesistimu yebhethri zinamandla kangakanani.
– Ukuvikela okujiyile nokumelana nokushisa: ngoba imisinga ephezulu ingabangela ukushisa.
Izintambo zebhethri zisetshenziselwa ukuxhuma:
– isilawuli sokushaja sebhethri (noma isilawuli sokushaja selanga)
– ibhethri eliya ku-inverter
– phakathi kwamabhethri (uchungechunge/okufanayo)
Kulesi sigaba, ukukhetha usayizi wekhebula kufanele kuqashelwe. Amaphutha avamile afaka phakathi ukusebenzisa izintambo ezincane kakhulu, okungaholela ekwehleni kwamandla kagesi, ama-inverter avamile ane-voltage ephansi, noma ama-terminal ebhethri ashisayo.
5. Ikhebula le-AC (lohlangothi lokukhipha i-inverter)
Uma amandla e-DC avela kumaphaneli namabhethri eseguqulwe abe yi-AC yi-inverter, okukhiphayo kusebenzisa izintambo ze-AC ezijwayelekile. Uhlobo lwezintambo luncike ekusetshenzisweni:
– NYM: ivame ukufakwa emakhaya emapayipini/emifudlaneni noma ezindaweni ezivikelwe.
– NYY: ifanele ukusetshenziswa ngaphandle noma izindawo ezidinga ukuvikelwa okuqinile.
– Izintambo eziguquguqukayo (isib. i-NYAF noma izintambo ezivalelekile): zivame ukusetshenziswa kumaphaneli kagesi noma emigqeni edinga ukuguquguquka.
Izintambo ze-AC zisetshenziselwa:
– iphaneli yokusabalalisa ye-inverter (MCB/ELCB)
- iphaneli yokusabalalisa imithwalo yasekhaya/esakhiweni
– uhlelo lokuxhumanisa nenethiwekhi ye-PLN (kuhlelo oluku-grid/oluhlanganisiwe ngokwemithetho)
Ngasohlangothini lwe-AC, izindinganiso zokuphepha ezifana nokubeka phansi, i-ELCB/RCD, kanye nama-circuit breaker (MCB) nazo kumele zicatshangelwe.
6. Intambo yokumisa phansi
Izinhlelo zamaphaneli elanga zidinga isisekelo ukuze kuphephe, kuvikelwe umbani, futhi kuncishiswe ingozi yokushaqeka kukagesi ngenxa yokuvuza kokushisa. Ikhebula lesisekelo ngokuvamile liluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka-ophuzi futhi lixhumanisa:
– uhlaka lwemodyuli yelanga (uhlaka)
- isakhiwo sokufaka
- umzimba we-inverter kanye nephaneli kagesi
– uhlelo lokuvikela umbani (uma lukhona) entongeni yokumisa umhlabathi
Izintambo ezisekela umhlaba zingaba izintambo zethusi noma zethusi elingenalutho (BC), kuye ngomklamo. Ubukhulu bazo buxhomeke ezindinganisweni zokuphepha zendawo, kodwa isimiso siwukuthi kumele zibe nkulu ngokwanele futhi zibe nokuxhumana okuqinile, okumelana nokugqwala.
7. Izintambo zokuxhumana nezenzwa (ongakukhetha)
Ezinye izinhlelo zesimanje zidinga izintambo ezengeziwe zedatha nokuqapha, isibonelo:
– Ikhebula le-RS485 lokuxhumana kwe-inverter ukuze kufakwe i-logger/ukuqapha
- Ikhebula le-LAN lokuxhuma kwi-inthanethi
– ikhebula lenzwa yamanje (i-CT clamp) lokufunda amandla okuthumela nokungenisa
– ikhebula lenzwa yokushisa kwebhethri kubalawuli abathile bokushaja
Lezi zintambo azinawo amandla amaningi, kodwa zisabalulekile ohlelweni lokuqapha olunembile noluzinzile.
8. Nquma usayizi wekhebula: ugesi, ubude, kanye nokwehla kwamandla kagesi
Ukunquma usayizi wekhebula kufanele kusekelwe ku:
1. Umkhawulo wamandla kagesi (A) ozodlula
2. Ubude bekhebula (m) ukuya nokubuya (iluphu)
3. Umkhawulo wokwehla kwamandla kagesi okufiswayo ngokuvamile u-1–3% ohlangothini lwe-DC ukuze kulondolozwe ukusebenza okuphezulu.
Uma ikhebula lide, kulapho kulahleka khona i-voltage enkulu. Izixazululo zokunciphisa ukulahlekelwa yi-voltage zifaka phakathi ukukhulisa ingxenye yekhebula noma ukukhulisa i-voltage yesistimu (isb., kusukela ku-12V kuya ku-24V/48V). Ezimweni eziningi, ukusebenzisa izintambo ezinkulu kuyabiza kakhulu, kodwa konga amandla futhi kunciphisa ingozi yokushisa ngokweqile.
9. Enye into ebalulekile: ukukhethwa kwezinto kanye nekhwalithi
– Ithusi vs. i-aluminium: Ithusi linomoya ohamba kahle futhi livame kakhulu ezitshalweni zamandla elanga, ikakhulukazi ezintanjeni zebhethri kanye ne-PV. I-aluminium ishibhile kodwa idinga amasu akhethekile okuqeda.
– Isitifiketi/izindinganiso: sebenzisa izintambo ezinemininingwane ecacile, hhayi izintambo “ezingahleliwe” ezingenazo izilinganiso zokumelana ne-UV noma ngaphandle kolwazi lokushisa olusebenzayo.
– Ukuphathwa kwekhebula: sebenzisa ipayipi, ithreyi yekhebula, noma izibambo ezingamelani ne-UV ukuze ugcine izintambo zicocekile futhi uzivimbele ukuthi zingaqhekeki kalula.
– Isivikelo: qinisekisa ukuthi uhlelo lusebenzisa i-DC circuit breaker (i-fuse) kanye nesivikelo sokukhuphuka (i-SPD) njengoba kudingeka.
Isiphetho
Amakhebula ohlelweni lwephaneli yelanga awagcini nje ngokuxhumanisa; ayizingxenye ezibalulekile ezinquma ukusebenza kahle nokuphepha. Ngokuvamile, uzodinga: Ikhebula le-PV lohlangothi lwe-DC lwephaneli, ikhebula lebhethri elikhulu lohlelo lokugcina, ikhebula le-AC lokukhipha i-inverter, ikhebula lokusekela ukuphepha, kanye nekhebula lokuxhumana uma uhlelo lusekela ukuqapha. Ngokukhetha uhlobo lwekhebula olufanele, usayizi ofanele, kanye nekhwalithi eqinisekisiwe, uhlelo lwakho lwephaneli yelanga lungasebenza kahle kakhulu, lunciphise ukuphazamiseka, futhi luhlale isikhathi eside.
Uma ungathanda, ngingakusiza ukuthi wenze izincomo zosayizi wekhebula ngokusekelwe kudatha yesistimu yakho (amandla ephaneli, i-voltage yesistimu, ibanga lephaneli ne-inverter, uhlobo lwe-inverter, nokuthi iyawasebenzisa yini amabhethri).
