Ukuqinisekisa ukuthi izinhlelo zephaneli yelanga zivikelwe ngamadivayisi afanele okuvikela
Ukufakwa kwamaphaneli elanga (i-PLTS) kuya ngokuya kuthandwa ngenxa yekhono lazo lokunciphisa izindleko zikagesi, ukwandisa ukuzimela kwamandla, nokusekela imigomo yokunciphisa ukukhishwa komoya. Kodwa-ke, abantu abaningi bagxila kumthamo wemojula kanye ne-inverter, becabanga ukuthi uhlelo luphephile ngokuzenzakalelayo uma seluvuliwe. Kodwa-ke, izinhlelo zamandla elanga—kungakhathaliseki ukuthi zisegridini, zixubile, noma zingaphandle kwegridi—zisebenza ngemisinga kanye nama-voltage angaba yingozi, futhi zivezwa ezimweni zangaphandle njengokushisa, imvula, umbani, kanye nomswakama. Ngaphandle kwemishini yokuvikela efanele, ingozi yokulimala kwemishini, ukusebenza okunciphile, ngisho nemililo engaba khona inganda.
Lesi sihloko sixoxa ngamadivayisi okuvikela ayinhloko abalulekile ekugcineni ukuthembeka nokuphepha kwezinhlelo zamaphaneli elanga, indlela yokuwakhetha, kanye nemikhuba efanele yokufaka.
Kungani Ukuvikelwa Kwesistimu Yamandla Elanga Kubalulekile?
Uhlelo lwephaneli yelanga luqukethe izingxenye eziningana: amamojula e-PV, izintambo ze-DC, ibhokisi lokuhlanganisa, i-inverter, amabhethri (uma kusebenza), iphaneli yokusabalalisa i-AC, kanye nokuxhumeka kugridi kagesi. Ingxenye ngayinye inezingozi ezithile. Ukwanda kwamandla kagesi okubangelwa umbani noma ukushintsha, ama-overcurrent ngenxa yamasekethe amafushane, ama-current avuzayo, ukuxhumana okuxekethile okubangela ukushisa ngokweqile, kanye nokuphazamiseka okuvela kugridi kagesi konke kungabangela umonakalo omkhulu wezingxenye.
Ngale kokuvikelwa kwemishini, ukuvikelwa nakho kuthinta ngqo ukuphepha kwabasebenzisi kanye nochwepheshe. Ama-voltage e-DC avela kuma-paneli circuits angaba phezulu kakhulu futhi abe yingozi ngoba ugesi we-DC uvame ukuba nzima ukuwuphazamisa kune-AC. Ngakho-ke, ukuvikelwa kumele kwakhiwe kusukela ekuqaleni, hhayi ukungezwa kamuva.
1) Ukuvikelwa Komsinga Oweqile: I-Fuse kanye ne-MCB/MCCB
Umsebenzi oyinhloko wokuvikela ugesi ongaphezu kwamandla kagesi ukuvimbela izintambo nemishini ekushiseni ngokweqile ngenxa yokuthi ugesi udlula ubukhulu bawo. Ezinhlelweni ze-PV, lokhu kuvikela kuvame ukubekwa kuzo zombili izinhlangothi ze-DC kanye ne-AC.
a) I-DC fuse yentambo yephaneli
Ama-fuse asetshenziswa kakhulu ezinhlelweni ezinezintambo eziningi ezifanayo. Uma intambo eyodwa inephutha, ugesi ovela kwezinye izintambo ungageleza emuva futhi wonakalise intambo enephutha. I-fuse yentambo iphazamisa lokhu kugeleza emuva. Sebenzisa i-fuse eyenzelwe ngqo i-DC PV, njengoba amakhono okucima i-arc e-DC ehluka kwawe-AC.
b) I-DC MCB/MCCB
I-DC MCB iyadingeka ukuze kuvikelwe futhi/noma kuphazanyiswe isekethe ngesikhathi sokulungiswa. Kweminye imiklamo, ama-fuse nama-MCB asetshenziswa ndawonye njengoba kudingeka. I-DC MCB/MCCB kumele ibe nesilinganiso se-DC voltage esanele i-voltage ye-PV string iyonke.
c) I-AC MCB/MCCB
Ohlangothini lokukhipha i-inverter (AC), ama-MCB/MCCB avikela umugqa kuma-overcurrent kanye nama-short circuits. Ukukhetha i-trip curve (isb., B/C/D) kanye nomthamo wokuphuka kumele kulungiswe ngokwezici zomthwalo kanye nomthamo wephutha ongase ube khona.
Inothi elibalulekile: Ungasebenzisi i-AC MCB kulayini we-DC. Nakuba zingase zibonakale “zifana,” amadivayisi e-AC angase ahluleke ukuphazamisa i-DC arc futhi ayingozi.
2) I-Load Breaker/Isolator: I-DC Switch Disconnector
Uhlelo oluhle lwe-PV kufanele lube ne-DC isolator evumela amaphaneli ukuthi anqanyulwe ku-inverter ngesikhathi sokuhlolwa, izimo eziphuthumayo, noma ukucima okuhleliwe. I-DC isolator ihlukile ku-MCB ngoba igxila ekuphazamiseni ngokuphephile ugesi womthwalo kuma-voltage aphezulu e-DC.
Ngokuvamile kufakwa ama-isolator:
– eduze kwe-inverter (ukuze uchwepheshe akwazi ukuxhuma i-DC ngaphambi kokulungisa),
– noma ebhokisini lokuhlanganisa kuye ngomklamo.
Khetha i-isolator enezilinganiso ezifanele ze-voltage kanye nezamanje, amazinga nezitifiketi ezifanele, kanye nendawo ebiyelwe efanele indawo yokufaka (ngaphakathi/ngaphandle).
3) Idivayisi Yokuvikela Ukwanda (i-SPD)
Ama-SPD ayizingxenye ezibalulekile, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezivame ukuba nombani noma amagridi kagesi angazinzile. Ukwanda kwamandla kagesi kungavela ngezindlela ezimbili:
– kusukela ohlangothini lwe-DC (ukufakwa kombani kukhebula lephaneli/lemojuli),
– kusukela ohlangothini lwe-AC (ukwanda kusuka kunethiwekhi noma ngenxa yokushintsha imithwalo emikhulu).
Izinhlobo ezivamile ze-SPD:
– I-DC SPD (i-PV SPD): yendlela esuka kuphaneli iye ebhokisini le-inverter/combiner.
– I-SPD AC: yokukhipha iphaneli yokusabalalisa ye-AC/inverter.
Empeleni, ama-SPD avame ukufakwa:
– ebhokisini lokuhlanganisa le-DC,
– eduze kwe-inverter,
– kuphaneli ye-AC eyinhloko.
Ukuze i-SPD isebenze kahle, uhlelo oluhle lokusekela lubalulekile. Ikhebula lokusekela le-SPD kufanele libe mfushane futhi liqonde ngangokunokwenzeka ukuze kuncishiswe ukuvinjelwa.
4) Ukuvikelwa Kwamanje Okuvuzayo: I-RCD/RCBO kanye Nokuqapha Ukufakwa Kokushisa
Ngasohlangothini lwe-AC, i-RCD (Residual Current Device) noma i-RCBO (inhlanganisela ye-MCB ne-RCD) isetshenziselwa ukuvikela abantu ekushayweni ugesi okubangelwa ukuvuza kwamandla emhlabathini. Lokhu kubalulekile kokubili ekufakweni kwezindlu kanye nezentengiselwano.
Kodwa-ke, ezinhlelweni ezinama-inverter athile, uhlobo lwe-RCD kumele lukhethwe kahle (isb., uhlobo A noma uhlobo B), njengoba ukuvuza kwamandla kungase kube nengxenye ye-DC. Ama-inverter anamuhla avame ukuba nezincomo ezithile; ukulandela incwadi yemiyalelo yomenzi kuyimpoqo.
Ezinhlelweni ezithile, ikakhulukazi ezinkulu noma ezingaphandle kwegridi, idivayisi yokuqapha ukufakelwa ingasetshenziswa futhi ukuqapha ukumelana nokufakelwa kwe-insulation ohlangothini lwe-DC.
5) Ukuvikelwa Kwebhethri (Kwezinhlelo ze-Hybrid/Off-grid)
Uma uhlelo lusebenzisa amabhethri (i-Lithium noma i-Lead-acid), ukuvikelwa kumele kube okunesizotha ngoba amandla agciniwe makhulu futhi ingozi yokushisa iphakeme.
Amadivayisi okuvikela avamile:
– I-DC fuse/MCB eduze kwebhethri (ivikela ikhebula futhi ivimbele amaza amakhulu ephutha).
– Iswishi yokunqamula ibhethri ukuze kube lula ukuyilungisa.
– I-BMS (Uhlelo Lokuphathwa Kwebhethri) ikakhulukazi kumabhethri e-lithium: ilawula ukulinganisela, iqapha izinga lokushisa, i-voltage yeseli, ugesi, kanye nokunqamula lapho izimo zingaphephile.
– Ukuvikelwa kwezinga lokushisa kanye nokungena komoya: igumbi lebhethri lidinga ukugeleza komoya okwanele, ikakhulukazi ezinhlotsheni ezithile.
Okungcono kakhulu, ukubekwa kwefuse kufanele kube seduze ngangokunokwenzeka nama-terminal ebhethri (ngenkathi kucatshangelwa ukuphepha komshini) ukuze kuncishiswe ubude bekhebula elingavikelwe.
6) Ukuvikela Umbani, Ukubopha, kanye Nokukhanya Kwangaphandle
Ukubeka phansi kuyisisekelo sokuvikela. Kunezici ezimbili eziyinhloko:
– Ukufaka umhlaba/ukufaka inhlabathi ngogesi: ukuqinisekisa ukuthi amaza omlilo anendlela ephephile eya phansi.
– Ukubopha: ukuhlanganisa izingxenye zensimbi (uhlaka lwephaneli, ukufakwa, indawo ebiyelwe) ukuze zibe namandla afanayo, kunciphisa ingozi yokushaqeka nokwandisa ukusebenza kahle kwe-SPD.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ezindaweni ezisengozini enkulu yombani (izakhiwo ezinde, izindawo ezinkulu ezivulekile), cabanga ngezinhlelo zokuvikela umbani zangaphandle njengezinduku zombani kanye nabaqhubi be-down, eziklanyelwe ngokwezindinganiso. Ukuvikelwa kombani wangaphandle kuhlukile kuma-SPD; lokhu kokubili kuyahambisana.
7) Izivalo kanye Nezixhumi: Imininingwane Emincane Enquma Ukuphepha
Ngaphandle kwamadivayisi “ayinhloko”, kunezinto ezisekelayo ezivame ukunganakwa:
– Ibhokisi lokuhlanganisa elinesilinganiso se-IP ngokuya ngendawo (isb. IP65 yangaphandle).
– Isixhumi se-DC esijwayelekile se-PV (isb. ukuhambisana kohlobo lwesixhumi) ukuvimbela ukuthintana okukhululekile okubangela ukushisa.
– Ama-cable glands, imigudu, kanye nokuphathwa kwe-cable ukuvimbela i-cables ukuthi ingahlutshulwa noma ingalunywa yizilwane.
– Ukulebula kanye nezimpawu: Izimpawu “ze-DC Hazard”, izikhombisi-ndlela zokuhlukanisa, kanye nemidwebo yomugqa owodwa kusiza ngesikhathi sokuhlolwa kanye nezimo eziphuthumayo.
Ukuxhumeka okuxegayo kuyimbangela evamile yezindawo ezishisayo kanye nemililo engaba khona. Ngakho-ke, ikhwalithi yesixhumi, indlela yokugoqa, kanye ne-torque yokuqinisa kumele kuhlangabezane nezimiso.
Indlela Yokukhetha Izinto Zokuzivikela Ezifanele
Ngakho-ke lokho kuvikelwa akukhona nje “lapho”, qaphela lezi zimiso ezilandelayo:
1. Qondanisa izilinganiso (i-voltage, i-current, amandla okuphazamiseka) nomklamo wesistimu, hhayi izilinganiso.
2. Sebenzisa idivayisi ye-PV/DC ezinikele ohlangothini lwe-DC.
3. Landela izindinganiso nezincomo zomkhiqizi we-inverter, ikakhulukazi mayelana ne-RCD/RCBO kanye nokufakwa kwesisekelo.
4. Qinisekisa ukuthi ukuvikela kuhambisana kahle: amadivayisi aseduze nomthombo wokuphazamiseka kufanele akhubeke kuqala ukuze kuncishiswe indawo yokuphazamiseka.
5. Naka ikhwalithi kanye nesitifiketi: amadivayisi ashibhile angenazo izindinganiso ezicacile angahluleka uma kwenzeka ukwanda noma iphutha.
Ukugcinwa Nokuhlolwa Kwezikhathi Ezithile
Ukuvikelwa okuhle kusadinga ukuhlolwa njalo, isibonelo:
– hlola ukuqina kwe-terminal (i-torque),
- ukuhlolwa okubonakalayo kwezimpawu zokushisa ngokweqile,
– qinisekisa ukuthi i-SPD isasebenza (inkomba yesimo),
- hlola i-RCD ngezikhathi ezithile,
– qapha ama-inverter kanye nama-BMS error log.
Izinhlelo ezinganakekelwa zisengozini yokonakala kokuxhumeka, ukugqwala, kanye namaphutha angatholakali.
I-Penutup
Ukuqinisekisa ukuthi uhlelo lwamaphaneli elanga luvikelwe kuhilela okungaphezu nje kokufaka amaphaneli asezingeni eliphezulu kanye ne-inverter. Kuhilela nokwakha izendlalelo eziphelele zokuvikela: ugesi ongaphezulu, ukuchithwa komthwalo, ukuvikelwa kokukhuphuka, ukuvikelwa kwamanje okuvuzayo, ukuvikelwa kwebhethri, kanye nokufakwa phansi nokubopha okufanele. Amadivayisi okuvikela afanele awavikeli nje kuphela imali oyitshalile emonakalweni obizayo kodwa futhi athuthukisa ukuphepha kwezakhamuzi, ochwepheshe, kanye nendawo ezungezile.
Uma uhlela ukufakwa kwesiteshi sikagesi welanga, beka phambili umklamo wokuvikela kusukela ekuqaleni futhi uqinisekise ukuthi ukufakwa kwenziwa ochwepheshe abanekhono ngokuhambisana nezindinganiso zikagesi ezifanele. Ngale ndlela, uhlelo lwakho lwelanga lungasebenza kahle, ngokuphephile, nangokufanele iminyaka ezayo.
