Ukungqubuzana Kwe-Linear Momentum Impulse

Ukushayisana Kwe-Linear Momentum Impulse

1. Umfutho Oqondile

1.1 Incazelo Yomgqa Womugqa

Umfutho oqondile wento uchazwa njengomphumela wokuphindaphinda isisindo sento ngejubane lento.

p = mv

lapho:

p = umfutho, m = isisindo (kg), v = ijubane (m/s)

I-linear momentum, noma i-momentum nje, iyinani le-vector njengoba itholakala ngokuphindaphinda i-vector (ijubane) kanye ne-scalar (isisindo). Njengoba i-momentum iyinani le-vector, inesiqondiso kanye nobukhulu. I-Momentum yabelana ngesiqondiso nejubane noma ukunyakaza kwento.

Umfutho ulingana nobukhulu kanye nesivinini njengoba uma isisindo sikhulu, umfutho uba mkhulu. Ngokufanayo, uma ijubane likhulu, umfutho uba mkhulu. Ake sithi kunezimoto ezimbili, ake sithi izimoto u-A no-B. Uma isisindo semoto u-A sikhulu kunemoto u-B futhi zombili izimoto zihamba ngesivinini esifanayo, imoto u-A izoba nomfutho omkhulu kunowemoto u-B. Ngokufanayo, uma izimoto u-A no-B zinobunzima obufanayo, kodwa imoto u-A ihamba ngokushesha kunemoto u-B, umfutho wemoto u-A mkhulu kunowemoto u-B.

Uma into enesisindo ingashukumi noma iphumule (inejubane elingu-zero), umfutho wento ungu-zero.

Iyunithi ye-SI yomfutho ingu-kg m/s, eyakhiwa yiyunithi yobukhulu kanye neyunithi yejubane.

1.2 Umthetho Wesibili KaNewton

Ngaphambilini, ufunde uMthetho Wesibili kaNewton oshiwo ku-equation ΣF = ma futhi uchaza ubudlelwano phakathi kwamandla e-net kanye nobunzima kanye nokusheshisa kwento. Amandla e-net asebenza entweni enobunzima obunikeza ukusheshisa entweni. Kulokhu, uzokwethulwa kolunye uhlobo loMthetho Wesibili kaNewton, ochaza ubudlelwano phakathi kwamandla e-net kanye noshintsho kumandla ento.

Uma amandla e-net esebenza entweni ephumulile ekuqaleni, into izohamba. Ngaphambi kokuhamba, into ayinawo umfutho. Into iba nomfutho ngemva kokunyakaza. Ngamanye amazwi, amandla e-net asebenza entweni abangela ushintsho kumfutho wento isikhathi esithile. Izinga lokushintsha kumfutho wento lilingana namandla e-net asebenza entweni.

I-Impulse, i-Linear Momentum, ukushayisana okungu-1 kuphi:

ΣF = amandla aphelele (iNewton), Δt = isikhawu sesikhathi (sesibili), Δp = m (v_t - v_o) = ushintsho ku-momentum (kg m/s).

Isibalo 1.1 singenye indlela yoMthetho Wesibili kaNewton, ochaza ubudlelwano phakathi kwamandla aphelele kanye nesilinganiso soshintsho kumfutho wento, kungaba lapho isisindo sento singaguquki noma sishintsha.

Bhekafuthi Ukunwetshwa komugqa

I-Impulse, i-Linear Momentum, ukushayisana okungu-2
kuphi:

ΣF = amandla aphelele (iNewton), m = isisindo (kg), a = ukusheshisa (m/s²)

Isibalo 1.2 siyisibalo sikaNewton's Second Law esichaza ubudlelwano phakathi kwamandla anetha kanye nokusheshisa kwento enesisindo esingaguquki.

2. Umfutho

2.1 Incazelo Yokushukuma

I-Impulse ichazwa njengomphumela wokuphindaphinda amandla noma amandla anetha ngesikhathi esinqunyiwe.

kuphi:

I = i-impulse, ΣF = amandla aphelele (i-Newton), Δt = isikhawu sesikhathi (sesibili).

2.2 Ithiyori Yomfutho-Umfutho

I-Impulse-momentum theorem itholakala ngokuthola i-equation ku-equation 1.1

ΣF Δt = Δp

I = Δp ……………………….. Isibalo 1.3

Isibalo 1.3 sibonisa ukuthi i-impulse ilingana noshintsho ku-momentum.

I = ΣF Δt

Δp = mv_t – mv_o = m (v_t- v_o)

Isibonelo sombuzo 1:

Ibhola elinesisindo esingu-1 kg liphonswa ngokuvundlile ngesivinini esingu-2 m/s. Bese, ibhola lishaywa ngendlela efanayo neyasekuqaleni. Ibhola lithatha i-1 ms ukuze lihlangane nomshayi, futhi ijubane lebhola ngemva kokushiya umshayi lingu-4 m/s. Yimaphi amandla asetshenziswa ngumshayi ebholeni?

Kwaziwa:

isisindo (m) = 1 kg, Ijubane lokuqala (v)_o) = 2 m/s, isikhawu sesikhathi (Δt) = 1 x 10^-3okwesibili, ijubane lokugcina (v_t) = 4 m/s

Indlela ibhola elihamba ngayo ayishintshi, ngakho ijubane lokuqala kanye nejubane lokugcina zinophawu olufanayo.

Kufunwa: amandla (F)

Isixazululo:

I-Impulse, i-Linear Momentum, ukushayisana okungu-4

Isibonelo sombuzo 2:

Ibhola elinesisindo esingu-1 kg liphonswa ngokuvundlile ngakwesokudla ngesivinini esingu-10 m/s. Ngemva kokushaywa, ibhola liya ngakwesobunxele ngesivinini esingu-20 m/s. Thola ukuthi i-intuse isebenza ebholeni.

Kwaziwa:

isisindo (m) = 1 kg

Ijubane lokuqala (v)_o) = 10 m/s,

Ijubane lokugcina (v)_t) = -20 m/s

Izikhombisi-ndlela zokuhamba kwebhola (izikhombisi-ndlela zejubane) ziphambene, ngakho ijubane lokuqala kanye nejubane lokugcina zinezimpawu ezihlukile.

Okufunwayo: Impulse (I)

Isixazululo:

I = m (v_t - v_o) = 1 kg (-20 m/s – 10 m/s) = 1 kg (-30 m/s) = – 30 kg m/s

Uphawu olubi lubonisa ukuthi isiqondiso se-pulse sifana nesiqondiso sejubane lokugcina lebhola (ngakwesobunxele)

Isibonelo sombuzo 3

Umfundi ushaya i-volleyball engu-0.1 kg eqale iphumule. Isandla somfundi sithinta i-volleyball imizuzwana engu-0.01. Ngemva kokushaywa, i-volleyball ihamba ngesivinini esingu-2 m/s.

(a) Lingakanani inani lamandla asetshenziswa yisandla somfundi emdlalweni wevolibholi?

(b) Umthetho Wesithathu kaNewton uthi uma umfundi esebenzisa amandla ku-volleyball, i-volleyball nayo izosebenzisa amandla kumfundi. Ungakanani ubukhulu bamandla asetshenziswa yi-volleyball esandleni somfundi?

Bhekafuthi Ubuningi befiziksi ekuhambeni okuqondile

(c) Uma isandla somfundi sithintana ne-volleyball imizuzwana engu-0.001, bungakanani ubukhulu bamandla asetshenziswa yi-volleyball esandleni somfundi?

Kwaziwa:

isisindo (m) = 0.1 kg,

Isikhawu sesikhathi 1 (Δt₁) = 0.01 s = 1 x 10^-2 s

Ijubane lokuqala (v)_o) = 0

Ijubane lokugcina (v)_t) = 2m/s

Isikhawu sesikhathi 2 (Δt₂) = 0.001 s = 1 x 10^-3s

Okufunayo: amandla (F)

Isixazululo:

(a) Amandla asetshenziswa yisandla somfundi ebholeni levolibholi isikhathi sokuxhumana esingu-0.01 sesekhondi

(b) Amandla asetshenziswa yivolibholi esandleni somfundi isikhathi sokuxhumana esingamasekhondi angu-0.01

Umthetho Wesithathu KaNewton: Isenzo sika-F = – ukusabela kuka-F

Ubukhulu bamandla asetshenziswa yibhola esandleni somfundi bungama-200 N

Ngokusekelwe emiphumeleni etholakele, kungaphethwa ngokuthi amandla asetshenziswa yibhola esandleni somfundi makhulu uma isikhathi sokuxhumana sifushane. Amandla amakhulu abangela ubuhlungu obukhulu esandleni somfundi. Ungakufakazela lokhu uma udlala i-volleyball. Isikhathi sokuxhumana ozosithatha uma ushaya i-volleyball enzima sifushane kunesikhathi lapho ushaya ethambile. Umehluko esikhathini sokuxhumana wenza isandla sakho sizizwe ubuhlungu obukhulu uma ushaya ibhola elinzima.

Kuyini umfutho oqondile, futhi uhluke kanjani emandleni?
- Impendulo: Umfutho oqondile ( $p$ ) yento ingumkhiqizo wobunzima bayo ( $m$ ) kanye nesivinini saso ( $v$ ), okungukuthi, $p = m v$ Nakuba amandla ehlobene noshintsho emsindweni wento ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, umfutho ngokwawo uyisilinganiso sokuthi into inokunyakaza okungakanani nokuthi iya ngakuphi.
I-impulse ihlobene kanjani noshintsho ku-momentum yento?
- Impendulo: I-Impulse iwumkhiqizo wamandla ajwayelekile asetshenziswa entweni kanye nesikhathi esetshenziswa ngaso. Ilingana noshintsho kumfutho wento. Ngokwezibalo: I $m p u l se = Δ p = F_{a v er a g e} \times Δ t$ .
Kusho ukuthini ukulondolozwa komfutho lapho kushayisana?
- Impendulo: Ukulondolozwa komfutho kusho ukuthi umfutho ophelele wesistimu evaliwe ngaphambi kokushayisana ulingana nomfutho ophelele ngemva kokushayisana, uma nje kungekho mandla angaphandle asebenzayo ohlelweni.
Hlukanisa phakathi kokushayisana okunwebekayo nokunganwebeki.
- Impendulo: Ekungqubuzaneni okunwebekayo, kokubili amandla omfutho kanye ne-kinetic ayalondolozwa. Izinto "ziyagxuma" komunye nomunye. Ekungqubuzaneni okune-elastic, umfutho uyalondolozwa kodwa amandla e-kinetic awalondolozwa. Izinto zinganamathelana noma ziguquguquke ngemva kokungqubuzana.
Kungenzeka kanjani ukuthi amandla amancane asebenza isikhathi eside akhiqize ushintsho olufanayo emgudwini wamandla amakhulu asebenza isikhathi esifushane?
- Impendulo: Ngenxa yokuthi i-impulse iwumphumela wamandla nesikhathi, amandla amancane asebenza isikhathi eside angakhiqiza i-impulse efanayo (futhi ngaleyo ndlela ushintsho olufanayo emsindweni) njengamandla amakhulu asebenza isikhathi esifushane.
Uma imoto ishayisa udonga bese ima, ingabe umfutho uyalondolozwa?
- Impendulo: Emotweni yodwa, umfutho awulondolozwa ngoba uyama. Kodwa-ke, ohlelweni olubanzi (kufaka phakathi uMhlaba nodonga), umfutho uyalondolozwa. Umfutho odluliselwa emotweni ulondolozwa ngendlela elinganayo nephambene noMhlaba nodonga, kodwa ngenxa yomehluko omkhulu wobukhulu, ushintsho lwejubane loMhlaba luncane ngendlela engabonakali.
Kungani ama-airbag ezimotweni esiza ekunciphiseni ukulimala ngesikhathi sokushayisana?
- ImpenduloAma-airbag andisa isikhathi lapho umfutho womuntu ushintsha khona njengoba ema, okunciphisa amandla ajwayelekile ngesikhathi sokushayisana. Lokhu kwehla kwamandla kusiza ukunciphisa ukulimala.
Uma izinto ezimbili ezinesisindo esifanayo zinejubane eliphambene ngobukhulu obulinganayo futhi zishayisana mathupha, lizoba yini ijubane lazo elihlangene ngemva kokushayisana?
- ImpenduloUma sicabanga ukuthi kukhona ukushayisana okunwebekayo futhi kungekho mandla angaphandle, izinto zizobuyela emuva ngesivinini esifanayo kodwa ngendlela ephambene. Uma ukushayisana kunganwebeka ngokuphelele, zizonamathelana futhi zime ngoba umzuzu wazo uzophela.
Kungani amabhola agxumayo egcina eme noma ngabe asendaweni engenamoya (ngaphandle kokumelana nomoya)?
- Impendulo: Nakuba i-vacuum iqeda ukumelana nomoya, ayivimbeli ibhola ekushayweni yi-inelastic nomhlabathi. Isikhathi ngasinye lapho ibhola ligxuma, amandla athile e-kinetic aguqulwa abe ezinye izinhlobo (njengomsindo noma amandla okuguqulwa), okwenza ibhola ligxuma liye phansi ngokuqhuma okulandelanayo kuze kube yilapho liyeka.
Umfutho “ungafihlwa” kanjani ezinhlelweni, njengezinto ezijikelezayo?

Impendulo: Nakuba umfutho oqondile ugcina ukunyakaza kwezinto okuqondile, izinto ezijikelezayo zinejubane eliyi-angular. Into ingaba nomfutho oqondile ongenalutho kodwa ijubane eliyi-angular elibalulekile uma lijikeleza. Isibonelo, i-rounding top ephumulile etafuleni ayinawo umfutho oqondile kodwa inomfutho oyi-angular ngenxa yokujikeleza kwayo.