Isihloko mayelana nokuziphatha okungajwayelekile kwamanzi ngaphansi kuka-4°C
Into ngayinye iyakhula (ivolumu yezinto iyanda) lapho izinga lokushisa likhuphuka, futhi izinto ziyancipha (ivolumu yezinto iyancipha) lapho izinga lokushisa liyancipha. Amanzi ayanda futhi lapho izinga lokushisa likhuphuka futhi lincipha lapho izinga lokushisa lincipha, kodwa hhayi ku-0 ° C – 4 ° C. Phakathi kuka-0°C no-4°C, ivolumu yamanzi iyancipha (amanzi ancipha) njengoba izinga lokushisa likhuphuka. Uma sifudumeza amanzi ku-0 ° C, amanzi ayashisa, ivolumu yamanzi iyancipha. Inqubo yokuncipha iyama lapho amanzi efika ku-4 ° C. Ngaphezulu kuka-4 ° C, ivolumu yamanzi iyanda njengoba izinga lokushisa likhuphuka. Esikhundleni salokho, amanzi ayakhula (ivolumu yamanzi iyanda) lapho izinga lokushisa lincipha kusuka ku-4 ° C kuya ku-0 ° C.
Isibonelo, sibeka amanzi ku-30 o C efrijini. Uma sisefrijini, izinga lokushisa lamanzi liyancipha. Uma izinga lokushisa lamanzi lehla, ivolumu yamanzi nayo iyancipha (amanzi ayancipha). Uma ifika ku-4 o C, amanzi aqala ukwanda (ivolumu yamanzi iyanda). Ukwanda kwamanzi kuyama lapho izinga lokushisa lifika ku-0 ° C. Ngokungafani nezinye izinto eziqhubeka nokuncipha (ivolumu yezinto iyancipha) lapho izinga lokushisa lento lehla lifika ku-0 o C. Uma izinto zincipha (ivolumu yezinto iyancipha), ubuningi buyanda. Ngokuphambene nalokho, lapho izinto zanda (ivolumu yezinto iyanda), ubuningi buyancipha. Ifomula yobuningi = ubuningi / ubuningi. Ubuningi bezinto buhlala buzinzile. Ngenkathi ivolumu ingashintsha, kuye ngokushisa. Amanzi ancipha (ivolumu yamanzi iyancipha) kuphela ku-4 o C, ngakho-ke, amanzi anobuningi obukhulu ku-4 o C.
Izinzuzo zokungalingani kwamanzi zizwakala ezindaweni ezinobusika. Lapho kufika ubusika, izinga lokushisa lomoya liyancipha. Izindawo zamanzi ezithintana namanzi, ngakho izinga lokushisa lamanzi ebusweni bomfula noma bolwandle nalo liyancipha. Ngenxa yokuthi izinga lokushisa lamanzi liyancipha, umthamo wamanzi nawo uyancipha. Ngenxa yokuthi umthamo wamanzi uyancipha, ubuningi bamanzi buyanda. Amanzi ebusweni anobuningi obukhulu kunamanzi angaphansi. Ngenxa yokuthi anobuningi obukhulu, amanzi angaphezulu ayawa phansi (ayacwila). Amanzi angaphansi anobuningi obukhulu, ngakho-ke ayakhuphuka (ayantanta). Le nqubo yenzeka kuze kube yilapho izinga lokushisa lamanzi lifika ku-4 ° C. Ngakho-ke, amanzi anobuningi obukhulu kakhulu ku-4 ° C.
Uma izinga lokushisa lamanzi ebusweni bomfula noma echibini liba lincane kuno-4 ° C, khona-ke amanzi angaphezulu ayakhula (umthamo wamanzi uyanda). Ngoba njengoba umthamo wamanzi ukhula, ubuningi bamanzi buyancipha. Ubuningi bamanzi ebusweni buncane kunobuningi bamanzi phansi ukuze amanzi angaphezulu angawi. Amanzi angaphezulu ahlala ngaphezulu futhi aqine kuqala njengoba izinga lokushisa lamanzi lehla liye ku-0°C. Ngenxa yokuthi athintana namanzi angaphezulu, amanzi angaphansi kobuso nawo aqala ukuba lukhuni njengoba izinga lokushisa lamanzi lehla liye ku-0°C. Njalo njalo. Ngakho -ke, inqubo yokubanda iqala emanzini angaphezulu. Amanzi aphansi echibini noma emfuleni ngokuvamile awaqini ngoba izinga lokushisa lomoya aliqini. Ngenxa yokuthi amanzi aphansi awaqini, izinhlanzi nezinto eziphilayo eziphansi echibini noma emfuleni zihlala ziphila ebusika.
Amanzi abonisa ukuziphatha okuningi okungavamile ngenxa yesakhiwo sawo esiyingqayizivele sama-molecule kanye nohlobo lokubopha kwe-hydrogen phakathi kwama-molecule awo. Esinye sezimo ezingavamile ezibaluleke kakhulu ukuziphatha kobuningi bamanzi njengoba ephola, ikakhulukazi lapho izinga lokushisa lisondela endaweni yokubanda. Nasi isifinyezo salesi simo:
- Ubuningi kanye NokushisaIzinto eziningi ziba nzima njengoba zipholile futhi ziyancipha njengoba zishisa. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi izinhlayiya ziyasondelana uma zipholile futhi ziqhelelana kakhulu uma zishisa.
- I-Anomaly Yamanzi: Nokho, amanzi aziphatha ngendlela ehlukile eduze nendawo yawo yokubanda. Nakuba eba lukhuni njengoba ephola kusukela ekushiseni kwegumbi, lo mkhuba uyashintsha cishe ku-4°C. Ngaphansi kuka-4°C, amanzi aba lukhuni njengoba ebanda, aze afike ku-0°C bese eqina.
- Ukwakhiwa kweqhwa: Iqhwa linesakhiwo se-lattice esinama-hexagonal ngenxa yokuqondiswa kwezibopho ze-hydrogen. Lesi sakhiwo senza iqhwa lingaqini kakhulu kunamanzi acwebezelayo. Yingakho iqhwa lintanta phezu kwamanzi.
- Ukubaluleka Kwemvelo: Lokhu kuziphatha okungajwayelekile kubalulekile empilweni yasemanzini. Lapho amanzi angaphezulu ephola ebusika, aba lukhuni futhi acwile kuze kube yilapho izinga lokushisa lifinyelela ku-4°C. Ngaphansi kwaleli zinga lokushisa, njengoba amanzi eqhubeka ephola, ahlala phezu kwamanzi futhi ekugcineni aqine. Lokhu kuphumela ekwakhekeni kweqhwa phezu kwamanzi kuyilapho amanzi angaphansi ehlala ewuketshezi, okuvumela impilo yasemanzini ukuba isinde. Ukube iqhwa belinzima kunamanzi angaphansi (njengoba izinto eziningi eziqinile zinzima kunesimo sazo soketshezi), belizocwila phansi, okuholela ekutheni wonke umzimba wamanzi uqine, okuyinto ebingaba yinhlekelele ezindaweni zemvelo zasemanzini.
- Imbangela ye-Anomaly: Isizathu salokhu kuziphatha okungajwayelekile sisekuhlanganisweni kwe-hydrogen phakathi kwama-molecule amanzi. Njengoba amanzi ephola efinyelela ku-4°C, izibopho ze-hydrogen ziyazivumelanisa nokubamba ama-molecule amanzi esakhiweni eside kakhulu, okwenza kube nzima kakhulu. Kodwa ngaphansi kuka-4°C, ukuthambekela kwamanzi kokwamukela isakhiwo esiyisikwele esiqukethe eqhweni kuba yinto evelele. Lesi sakhiwo sivulekile kakhulu futhi asinzima kangako, okuholela ekunciphiseni okubonakalayo kobuningi njengoba amanzi ephola ngaphansi kuka-4°C.
Ukuqonda lokhu kuziphatha kwamanzi akugcini nje ngokuthakazelisa ngokwezemfundo—kubalulekile ekuqondeni izinqubo eziningi zemvelo kanye nezemvelo.
