1. Incazelo yokudluliselwa kokushisa ngemisebe
Kuzizwa kanjani uma ugqoka izingubo ezimnyama ngosuku olushisayo, noma uzivocavoca nini emini? Uma ugqoka izingubo ezimnyama emini, uzizwa ushisa. Kungani kunjalo? Ibanga phakathi kwelanga nomhlaba ekuseni licishe lifane nebanga phakathi kwelanga nomhlaba emini nakusihlwa. Pho kungani ekuseni nakusihlwa kupholile, kushisa kakhulu emini? Izimpendulo zale mibuzo zihlobene nokudluliselwa kokushisa ngemisebe.
Ukudluliselwa kokushisa ngemisebe kuwukudluliselwa kokushisa ngendlela yamagagasi kagesi. Izibonelo zokudluliselwa kokushisa ngemisebe ukufudumala komzimba wakho uma useduze nesithando somlilo kanye nokudluliselwa kokushisa kusuka elangeni kuya emhlabeni. Ilanga linokushisa okuphezulu (cishe ama-Kelvin angu-6000), kuyilapho umhlaba unokushisa okuphansi. Umehluko wokushisa phakathi kwelanga nomhlaba ubangela ukushisa ukuthi kusuke elangeni (ukushisa okuphezulu) kuye emhlabeni (ukushisa okuphansi). Uma ukudluliselwa kokushisa kusuka elangeni kuya emhlabeni kudinga umlamuleli noma i-medium, njengoba ukudluliselwa kokushisa ngokuhambisa kanye nokushintshashintsha, ukushisa akukwazi ukufika emhlabeni; ukushisa kumele kudlule endaweni engenamuntu (noma cishe kungenalutho). Uma kungekho ukushisa okuvela elangeni, impilo emhlabeni ngeke ibe khona ngoba impilo idinga amandla avela elangeni.
Esinye isibonelo sokudluliselwa kokushisa ngemisebe ukushisa okuzwakalayo lapho siseduze nelangabi. Ukushisa esikuzwayo akubangelwa umoya oshisiwe kakhulu ngenxa yelangabi. Njengoba kuchaziwe ngaphambilini, umoya oshisayo uzokhula ukuze ubuningi bunciphe. Ngenxa yalokho, umoya onobukhulu obunciphile uhamba uqonde phezulu, ungahambi uqonde kithi. Umzimba wethu uzizwa ufudumele noma ushisa uma useduze nelangabi ngoba ukushisa kuhamba ngendlela yokukhanya okuvela elangeni (ukushisa okuphezulu) kuya emzimbeni wethu (ukushisa okuphansi).
Ukudluliselwa kokushisa ngemisebe kuhlukile kancane uma kuqhathaniswa nokudluliselwa kokushisa nge-conduction kanye ne-convection. Ukudluliselwa kokushisa nge-conduction kanye ne-convection kwenzeka lapho izinto ezinomehluko wokushisa zithintana. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukudluliselwa kokushisa ngemisebe kungenzeka ngaphandle kokuthintana.
2. Isibalo sokudluliselwa kokushisa ngemisebe
Izinga lokudluliswa kokushisa ngemisebe lilingana nendawo yento kanye nokushisa okuphelele (i-Kelvin Scale) yento. Izinto ezinendawo enkulu yobuso zinezinga eliphezulu lokudluliswa kokushisa kunezinto ezinendawo encane yobuso.
Ngokufanayo, izinto ezinezinga lokushisa elingu-2000 Kelvin, isibonelo, zinezinga lokudlulisa ukushisa elingu-24 = izikhathi ezingu-16 ezinkulu kunezinto ezinezinga lokushisa elingu-1000 Kelvin. Lo mphumela watholakala nguJosef Stefan ngo-1879 futhi ngokwemfundiso watholakala nguLudwig Boltzmann eminyakeni emihlanu kamuva.
Q = ukushisa, t = isikhathi, A = indawo engaphezulu yento (m 2 ), T = izinga lokushisa eliphelele lento (K) e = ukukhishwa kwamandla (inombolo engenakulinganiswa enobukhulu obusukela ku-0 kuya ku-1), σ = 5.67 x 10 -8 W/m 2 .K 4 (I-Universal constant. Ebizwa nangokuthi i-Stefan-Boltzmann constant), Q/t = izinga lokudluliselwa kokushisa ngemisebe
Izinto ezinezindawo ezimnyama (ezimnyama) zinokukhanya okuseduze no-1, kuyilapho izinto ezinombala okhanyayo zinokukhanya okuseduze no-0. Uma ukukhanya kwento kukhulu (u-e usondela ku-1), kulapho izinga lokushisa elikhishwa yinto likhula khona. Ngokuphambene nalokho, uma ukukhanya kwento kuncane (u-e usondela ku-0), izinga lokushisa elikhishwayo lincane. Singasho ukuthi izinto ezimnyama (ezimnyama) zivame ukukhipha ukushisa okuningi kunezinto ezinombala okhanyayo (ezimhlophe).
Inani lokukhishwa kwegesi alinqumi nje kuphela ikhono lento yokukhipha ukushisa, kodwa futhi nekhono lento yokukhipha ukushisa okukhishwa ezinye izinto. Izinto ezinokukhishwa kwegesi okuseduze no-1 (izinto ezinombala omnyama) zimunca cishe konke ukushisa okukhishwa kuzo. Kuboniswa ingxenye encane kuphela. Ngokuphambene nalokho, izinto ezinokukhishwa kwegesi okuseduze no-0 (izinto ezinombala okhanyayo) zimunca ukushisa okuncane okukhishwa kuzo. Iningi lokushisa liboniswa yinto. Into emunca konke ukushisa okukhishwa kuyo inokukhishwa kwegesi = 1. Lolu hlobo lwento lwaziwa ngokuthi “into emnyama.” Igama elithi into emnyama alichazi ukuthi izinto zimnyama, kodwa lichaza ikhono lezinto lokukhipha konke ukushisa okukhishwa kuzo.
3. Izinga lokushisa elikhishwa yilanga
Ngokusekelwe ekubalweni (ngokweqiniso), kwatholakala ukuthi kwakukhona ukushisa kwama-Joules angu-1350 ngomzuzwana ngemitha yesikwele okwakusuka elangeni kuya emhlabeni. Ngosuku olukhanyayo (akukho mafu), kukhona ukushisa kwama-Joules angu-1000 ngomzuzwana ngemitha yesikwele okufika ebusweni bomhlaba. Ngosuku olunelanga (amafu amaningi), cishe ama-70% okushisa amuncwa umoya womhlaba, ama-30% kuphela okushisa afika ebusweni bomhlaba. Ubukhulu bokushisa obunyamalala emkhathini womhlaba buxhomeke emafwini amaningi noma ambalwa. Inani lokushisa lama-Joules angu-1350 ngomzuzwana ngemitha yesikwele laziwa ngokuthi yi- solar constant . Ngoba ama-Joules ngomzuzwana (J/s) = Ama-Watts, khona-ke singabhala kabusha i -solar constant ibe yi-1350 Watts ngemitha yesikwele = 1350 W/m 2
Lapho ukushisa okukhishwa yilanga kufika ebusweni bomhlaba, ukushisa kumuncwa umhlaba nezinto ezisebusweni bomhlaba. Izinga lokumuncwa kokushisa lincike ekukhishweni (e) kwento, indawo engaphezulu kwento kanye ne-engeli eyakhiwe ukukhanya kwelanga enomugqa oqondile ebusweni bento.
ulwazi:
Q/t = izinga lokumuncwa kokushisa, 1000 W/m2 = ukungaguquguquki kwelanga, e = ukukhishwa kwento, A = indawo engaphezulu yento, θ = i-engeli eyakhiwe ukukhanya kwelanga enemigqa eqondile ebusweni bento,
I-cos θ = indawo ephumelelayo (indawo engaphezulu yezinto eqondile elangeni)
Emini, imisebe yelanga ihambisana noma ihambisana nomugqa oqondile ebusweni bomhlaba (i-engeli eyakhiwe = 0).
Okuphansi okwakhiwe = 0 o , ngakho-ke, izinga lokumuncwa kokushisa yilokhu:
Izinga lokumuncwa kokushisa (Q/t) liphezulu kakhulu uma i-engeli eyakhiwe ukukhanya kwelanga enomugqa oqondile ebusweni bomhlaba = 0 o (cos 0 = 1). Ngokuvamile, lokhu kwenzeka emini, lapho ilanga liqondile ebusweni bomhlaba. Ngakho-ke, asikho isidingo sokumangala uma ukukhanya kwelanga kushisa kakhulu kunasekuseni noma kusihlwa. Ekuseni nakusihlwa, i-engeli edalwe icishe ibe ngu-90 o.
Uma i-engeli eyakhiwe ingu-80 o , khona-ke izinga lokumuncwa kokushisa yileli:
Izinga lokumuncwa kokushisa (Q/t) ekuseni nakusihlwa lincane kakhulu ngoba i-cos θ iseduze no-zero. Uma i-cos θ incane, izinga lokumuncwa kokushisa lincane.
Ekushoneni kwelanga emkhathizwe osentshonalanga noma esezophakama emkhathizwe osempumalanga, i-engeli yadalwa = 90 o.
Ngenxa yokuthi i-engeli eyakhiwe ingu-90 o , izinga lokumuncwa kokushisa yileli:
Izinga lokumuncwa kokushisa (Q/t) ekushoneni kwelanga noma lapho sekuzophakama = 0.
