Amathuba Okuthumela Ngaphandle Imikhiqizo Yokudoba yase-Indonesia
I-Pendahuluan
I-Indonesia, enolwandle lwayo oluyizigidi ezingu-3,25 zamakhilomitha² kanye nogu lolwandle olungaphezu kwamakhilomitha angu-81.000, inamandla amakhulu emkhakheni wezokudoba. Lesi sizwe esihlala ezindaweni ezizungezile sibusiswe ngezinhlobonhlobo eziningi zezilwane zasolwandle, okuhlanganisa izinhlanzi, izimfanzi, inkalankala, i-lobster, ulwandle, nokuningi. Imikhiqizo yokudoba yase-Indonesia ibilokhu ingumthombo wokudla kwasekhaya kanye nokuziphilisa kwezigidi zezakhamuzi zasogwini. Kodwa-ke, ngemuva kwaleli thuba kukhona ithuba elikhulu lokukhulisa ukuthunyelwa kwemikhiqizo yokudoba kwamanye amazwe, okungaba negalelo elikhulu emnothweni wezwe.
Amandla Ezinsiza Zokudoba zase-Indonesia
I-Indonesia inamanzi amaningana acebile ngezinsizakusebenza zezinhlanzi, njengoLwandle iJava, uLwandle iBanda, uLwandle iSulawesi, kanye noLwandlekazi i-Indian. Lawa manzi ayikhaya lezinkulungwane zezinhlobo zezinhlanzi nezinye izilwane zasolwandle. Njengomkhiqizi wesibili ngobukhulu emhlabeni wezokudoba ngemuva kweShayina, i-Indonesia ikhiqiza izigidi zamathani ezinhlanzi minyaka yonke. Imininingwane evela kuMnyango Wezindaba Zasolwandle Nezokudoba (i-KKP) ikhombisa ukuthi ukukhiqizwa kokudoba okubanjwe ngo-2022 kufinyelele kumathani ayizigidi ezingu-6,83, kanti ukukhiqizwa kwezinhlanzi zasolwandle kufinyelele amathani ayizigidi ezingu-16,12.
Imikhiqizo Yokudoba Ehamba Phambili e-Indonesia
Imikhiqizo yokudoba yase-Indonesia enethuba elikhulu lokuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe ihlanganisa:
1. I-Tuna: I-Indonesia ingenye yabakhiqizi be-tuna abakhulu emhlabeni. Izinhlobo ze-tuna ezivame ukuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe zifaka phakathi i-yellowfin, i-skipjack, kanye ne-albacore. Izimakethe ze-tuna eziyinhloko e-Indonesia yiJapane, i-United States, kanye ne-European Union.
2. I-Shrimp: I-Vannamei shrimp kanye ne-tiger prawns ziyizinhlobo ezimbili ze-shrimp ezithunyelwa kwamanye amazwe ezidumile. Imikhiqizo ye-shrimp yase-Indonesia ifunwa kakhulu e-United States, eJapane, nakwamanye amazwe aseYurophu.
3. Ukhula lwasolwandle: I-Indonesia ikhiqiza izinhlobo ezahlukene zokhula lwasolwandle, njenge-Eucheuma cottonii kanye ne-Gracilaria. Imikhiqizo yokhula lwasolwandle ecutshungulwayo njenge-agar-agar, i-carrageenan, kanye nolunye ulwelwe inezimakethe e-Asia, eYurophu naseMelika.
4. Imikhiqizo Yezinhlanzi Ezicutshunguliwe: Imikhiqizo ecutshunguliwe njengezinhlanzi ezifakwe ezinhlanzini, i-surimi, ama-sardine asemathinini, kanye nezinhlanzi ezibhemayo nayo ifunwa kakhulu emakethe yamazwe ngamazwe.
5. I-Lobster kanye ne-Crab: Lezi zinhlobo ezimbili zezilwane zasolwandle zinenani eliphezulu kakhulu lokuthengisa futhi isidingo siyaqhubeka nokukhula, ikakhulukazi ezimakethe zase-Asia naseYurophu.
Izimakethe Eziyinhloko Zokuthumela Ngaphandle
Izimakethe ezinkulu zokuthumela ngaphandle zemikhiqizo yokudoba e-Indonesia zifaka amazwe amaningana eNyakatho Melika, eYurophu nase-Asia. Nazi ezinye zazo:
1. I-United States: Njengenye yabathengi abakhulu kakhulu bezinhlanzi zasolwandle emhlabeni, i-United States iyimakethe eyinhloko yemikhiqizo eyahlukahlukene yokudoba yase-Indonesia, ikakhulukazi i-tuna kanye ne-shrimp.
2. IJapan: Leli lizwe linesidingo esikhulu sezinhlanzi ezisezingeni eliphezulu, okuhlanganisa i-tuna nezinye izinhlobo ezahlukene zokudla kwasolwandle.
3. Amazwe aseYurophu: I-European Union ingenisa izinhlobo ezahlukene zemikhiqizo yokudoba evela e-Indonesia, ikakhulukazi imikhiqizo ehlangabezane nezindinganiso zokuphepha kokudla eziqinile.
4. IShayina neHong Kong: Lezi zifunda ezimbili ziyaqhubeka nokwandisa ukungeniswa kwemikhiqizo yokudoba efana ne-lobster, i-crab, kanye nezinye izinhlobo ezahlukene zezinhlanzi.
Amathuba Nezinselele
Amathuba amakhulu okuthunyelwa kwemikhiqizo yokudoba yase-Indonesia ahambisana namathuba nezinselelo ezahlukahlukene.
Ithuba
1. Ukwanda Kwesidingo Somhlaba Wonke: Isidingo somhlaba wonke semikhiqizo yokudla kwasolwandle siyaqhubeka nokukhula kanye nokukhula kwabantu kanye nezinguquko ekudleni okunempilo.
2. Ubuchwepheshe Nokusungula Izinto Ezintsha: Ubuchwepheshe obusha ekulimeni nasekucubunguleni izinhlanzi bungandisa ukusebenza kahle kokukhiqiza kanye nekhwalithi yemikhiqizo ethunyelwa kwamanye amazwe.
3. Isitifiketi kanye Nokuqiniswa: Ukuthuthukisa amazinga ekhwalithi kanye nesitifiketi samazwe ngamazwe njenge-MSC (Marine Stewardship Council) kungasiza imikhiqizo yokudoba yase-Indonesia ukuthi ingene ezimakethe zomhlaba wonke ezibanzi.
4. Ukuhweba nge-inthanethi kanye Nokuthuthwa Kwezimpahla Emhlabeni Wonke: Ukuthuthukiswa kwamapulatifomu okuhweba nge-inthanethi kanye nezinhlelo zokuthutha zomhlaba wonke kwenza kube lula ukumaketha nokusatshalaliswa kwemikhiqizo yokudoba yase-Indonesia emhlabeni wonke.
Inselele
1. Izindinganiso Nemithethonqubo Yomhlaba Wonke: Izimakethe zomhlaba wonke zinezindinganiso eziqinile mayelana nekhwalithi, ukuphepha kokudla, kanye nokusimama kwemvelo. Ukuhlangabezana nalezi zindinganiso kuvame ukuba yinselele kubathumeli bamazwe angaphandle base-Indonesia.
2. Ukudoba Okungekho Emthethweni, Okungabikwayo Nokungalawulwa (IUU): Imikhuba yokudoba engazinzile ingalimaza idumela lemikhiqizo yokudoba yase-Indonesia emakethe yamazwe ngamazwe.
3. Ingqalasizinda kanye Nochungechunge Lokunikezela: Ingqalasizinda elinganiselwe njengezikhumulo zemikhumbi, indawo yokugcina izinto ebandayo, kanye nezokuthutha ziyizithiyo ekugcineni ikhwalithi yemikhiqizo yokudoba ize ifinyelele kubathengi bamazwe ngamazwe.
4. Ukuguquguquka Kwentengo Nesidingo: Izimakethe zamazwe ngamazwe zinokushintshashintsha kwentengo nesidingo okungathinta inzuzo yabathumeli ngaphandle.
Isu Lokuthuthukiswa Kwezokuthunyelwa Kwamanye Amazwe
Ukuze kwandiswe amandla okuthumela kwamanye amazwe, i-Indonesia idinga ukusebenzisa amasu amaningana okuthuthukisa aphelele:
1. Ukwandisa Amandla Okukhiqiza kanye Nekhwalithi: Ukutshalwa kwezimali kubuchwepheshe bokulima, ukuqeqeshwa kwabadobi, kanye nokuthuthukisa izindawo zokucubungula izinhlanzi kubalulekile.
2. Ukuhlukahluka Komkhiqizo: Ukuthuthukisa izinhlobo eziningi zemikhiqizo ecutshungulwayo enenani eliphezulu.
3. Ukuhambisana Nezindinganiso Zamazwe Ngamazwe: Khuthaza ukuqinisekiswa komkhiqizo kanye nokubekwa ezingeni elifanayo ukuze kuhambisane nemithethonqubo esebenzayo ezimakethe zokuthumela kwamanye amazwe.
4. Ukuthuthukiswa Kwe-Supply Chain: Ukuthuthukisa ingqalasizinda yezokuthutha kanye nokuqinisa amanethiwekhi okusabalalisa ukuqinisekisa ukuthi imikhiqizo yokudoba ifinyelela kubathengi isesimweni esihle kakhulu.
5. Ukukhuthazwa kanye Nokuphawulwa Kwemikhiqizo: Ukwethula imikhiqizo yokudoba yase-Indonesia ngemibukiso yamazwe ngamazwe, imikhankaso yedijithali, kanye nokubambisana nabangenisi bangaphandle.
6. Ukuphathwa Kwezinsiza Ezisimeme: Ukuqinisekisa imikhuba yokudoba enobungani nemvelo futhi eqhubekayo ukuze kugcinwe ukutholakala kwezinsiza zasolwandle ezizukulwaneni ezizayo.
Isiphetho
Amathuba okuthumela imikhiqizo yokudoba yase-Indonesia kwamanye amazwe makhulu kakhulu futhi angaba yisisusa esikhulu somnotho wezwe. insiza Njengoba kunezinsiza eziningi zasolwandle kanye nokusekelwa kwentuthuko yezobuchwepheshe, i-Indonesia inamandla amakhulu okuncintisana emakethe yomhlaba wonke. Kodwa-ke, ukuze kufezwe amandla ayo aphelele, kudingeka ukubambisana okuhlangene phakathi kukahulumeni, abadlali bemboni, kanye nomphakathi ukuze kuxazululwe izinselelo ezikhona futhi kusetshenziswe amasu okuthuthukiswa okusimeme. Ngezinyathelo ezifanele, ukuthunyelwa kwemikhiqizo yokudoba yase-Indonesia kuzoqhubeka nokukhula futhi kube negalelo elikhulu ekuchumeni kwesizwe.
