Ubuchwepheshe Bokukhiqiza Ukudla Kwezinhlanzi
I-Fishmeal iyinto eluhlaza ebalulekile yokudla kwezilwane kanye nokufuywa kwezinhlanzi ngenxa yokuqukethwe kwayo okuphezulu kwamaprotheni, iphrofayili ephelele ye-amino acid ebalulekile, kanye nokugayeka kahle. Emazweni amaningi asemanzini, i-fishmeal nayo iyimpahla ebalulekile yezimboni, kokubili ekusetshenzisweni kwasekhaya kanye nokuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe. Njengoba isidingo sezinhlanzi, ama-shrimp, izinkukhu, kanye nokudla kwezilwane ezifuywayo sanda, ubuchwepheshe bokukhiqiza i-fishmeal buyaqhubeka nokukhula ukuze kukhiqizwe umkhiqizo ohambisana nekhwalithi, ophephile, futhi ongabizi kakhulu. Lesi sihloko sixoxa ngomqondo, izigaba zenqubo, imishini, kanye nezici zekhwalithi kanye nokusimama kobuchwepheshe bokukhiqiza i-fishmeal.
1. Izinto Zokusetshenziswa Nezimiso Eziyisisekelo
Izinto zokusetshenziswa zenhlanzi zingavela enhlanzini yonke (isib., izinhlanzi ezincane ze-pelagic njenge-sardine, ama-anchovies, ama-lemuru), imfucuza yezinhlanzi ebanjwa ngokungafanele, noma imfucuza yokucubungula izinhlanzi (amakhanda, amathambo, isikhumba, ukungcola, ama-trimmed). Ikhwalithi yezinto zokusetshenziswa inquma kakhulu ikhwalithi yenhlanzi. Izinto zokusetshenziswa ezintsha zinamazinga aphansi e-histamine, amafutha angangcoliswanga, kanye namagciwane angonakalisi athuthukile. Ngakho-ke, isimiso esiyisisekelo sokukhiqizwa kwenhlanzi ukulawula isikhathi kanye nokushisa kusukela ekubanjweni kwezinhlanzi kuya ekucutshungulweni, kanye nokunciphisa ukungcola.
Ngaphandle kokuba fresh, ukwakheka kwezinto zokusetshenziswa nakho kuthinta izici zenhlanzi. Izinhlanzi ezinamafutha zikhiqiza ufulawa onokuqukethwe okuphezulu kwamafutha, okudinga inqubo efanele yokuhlukanisa amafutha kanye nokwengezwa kwama-antioxidants ukuvimbela ukubola. Okwamanje, izinhlanzi ezingenamafutha amaningi zivame ukukhiqiza ufulawa onokuqina okungcono kokugcinwa, naphezu kwemikhiqizo yamafutha ephansi.
2. Izigaba Ezijwayelekile Zenqubo Yokukhiqiza Ukudla Kwezinhlanzi
Ngokuvamile, ubuchwepheshe bokukhiqiza ufulawa wezinhlanzi buhilela izigaba eziningana: ukwamukela nokuphatha izinto zokusetshenziswa, ukupheka, ukucindezela, ukuhlukaniswa kwesigaba soketshezi, ukomisa, ukugaya, kanye nokupakisha. Embonini yanamuhla, lezi zigaba zenzelwe uhlelo oluqhubekayo ukuqinisekisa umthamo ophezulu kanye nekhwalithi ezinzile.
a. Ukwamukelwa Nokuphathwa Kwezinto Ezingavuthiwe
Izinto zokusetshenziswa ziyakalwa, zihlolwe ukuthi zintsha yini (iphunga, umbala, ukuthungwa), futhi zivame ukuhlolwa ngemingcele ethile yamakhemikhali njenge-TVB-N (Total Volatile Base Nitrogen) noma izinkomba zokuqala zokushiswa kwamafutha. Izinhlanzi zibe sezigcinwa okwesikhashana ezitsheni ezivaliwe noma ezitsheni zezinto zokusetshenziswa. Ngaphansi kwezimo ezifanele, izinto zokusetshenziswa ziyacutshungulwa ngokushesha okukhulu. Uma ukulinda kudingeka, ukupholisa noma ukwelashwa ngeqhwa kungasiza ekunciphiseni ukonakala.
b. Ukupheka
Ukupheka kuhlose ukuhlanganisa amaprotheni, ukuphula izicubu, kanye nokwenza kube lula ukukhishwa kwamafutha namanzi esigabeni esilandelayo. Ukupheka kuvame ukwenziwa kusetshenziswa isitofu somusi, esingaba yi-cylindrical ngesistimu yokuxuba. Izinga lokushisa nesikhathi kubalulekile: kuphumela ekuhlukaniseni okungaphansi, kuyilapho ukuphakama kakhulu kungalimaza ikhwalithi yamaprotheni futhi kwandise ukusabela kwe-browning (Maillard), okunganciphisa ukugayeka kokudla.
c. Ukucindezela
Ngemva kokupheka, izinto ezisetshenziswayo zifakwa kumshini wokunyathelisa ukuze kuhlukaniswe isigaba esiqinile (ikhekhe lokucindezela) nesigaba soketshezi (utshwala bokucindezela). Ikhekhe lokucindezela, uma selomile, liba yisithako esiyinhloko senhlanzi. Okwamanje, utshwala bokucindezela buqukethe amanzi, uwoyela, kanye nezinhlayiya ezincane (izinto eziqinile ezincibilikisiwe/ezimisiwe) ezisabalulekile futhi ezidinga ukubuyiselwa ukuze kwandiswe isivuno.
d. Ukuhlukaniswa Kwesigaba Soketshezi (Isihluzi kanye Nokuhlukanisa)
Utshwala bokucindezela bucutshungulwa kusetshenziswa i-decanter centrifuge ukuze kuhlukaniswe izinto eziqinile ezincane (izinto eziqinile zamanzi anamathelayo) engxubeni yamanzi namafutha. Uwoyela namanzi kuyahlukaniswa, ngokuvamile kusetshenziswa isihlukanisi se-centrifugal. Uwoyela wezinhlanzi ophumayo ungaba umkhiqizo olandelanayo onenani eliphezulu (isib., osetshenziswa njengempahla yokudla, izinto zokusetshenziswa zezimboni, noma ukuhluzwa uwoyela wezinhlanzi).
Amanzi asele abizwa ngokuthi amanzi anamathelayo, asenamaprotheni ancibilikayo, ama-peptide, kanye namaminerali. Ngobuchwepheshe obuhle bokukhiqiza, amanzi anamathelayo ayahwamuka ukuze akhe i-concentrate (izinhlanzi ezincibilikayo) bese exutshwa aphinde afakwe ekhekheni lokucindezela ngaphambi kokoma. Le ndlela yandisa isivuno kanye nokuqukethwe okunomsoco kokudla kwenhlanzi.
e. Ukomisa
Ukomisa kuhlose ukunciphisa okuqukethwe komswakama kube sezingeni eliphephile lokugcina, ngokuvamile cishe u-8-12%, kuye ngezindinganiso. Ukomisa kungenziwa kusetshenziswa umshini wokomisa oqondile (ukuthintana ngqo negesi eshisayo) noma umshini wokomisa ongaqondile (ukushisa okungaqondile, njengomshini wokomisa wepayipi lomusi). Ama-dryer angaqondile avame ukubhekwa njengangcono ekugcineni ikhwalithi ngenxa yengozi ephansi "yokushisa" nokungcola, kodwa angabiza kakhulu.
Ukulawula izinga lokushisa lokomisa kubalulekile ukuvimbela ukulimala kwamaprotheni kanye nokuwohloka kwamafutha. Ezithakweni ezinamafutha, ama-antioxidants (isb., i-BHT/BHA noma ama-antioxidants emvelo njengoba kulawulwa) ngokuvamile ayengezwa ukuthuthukisa ukuzinza kokugcinwa.
f. Ukugaya Nokuhlakula
Umkhiqizo owomisiwe ube usugaywa ukuze kufinyelelwe usayizi wezinhlayiya ezifanayo, bese uhlungwa ukuqinisekisa ukuqina. Kulesi sigaba, izinto zangaphandle zingasuswa kusetshenziswa omakethi noma izinto zokuthola insimbi ukuthuthukisa ukuphepha komkhiqizo.
g. Ukupholisa Nokupakisha
Ufulawa wenhlanzi osanda kukhishwa emshinini wokomisa usafudumele. Ukupholisa ngaphambi kokupakisha kubalulekile ukuvimbela umswakama ukuthi ungangeni ngaphakathi kwephakheji, okungaholela ekukhuleni kwesikhunta. Ukupakisha ngokuvamile kusebenzisa amasaka anezingqimba (izikhwama ezilukiwe ezine-liner yangaphakathi) kanye nokugcinwa endaweni yokugcina impahla eyomile, enomoya omuhle evikelwe elangeni eliqondile.
3. Amapharamitha Ekhwalithi Yenhlanzi
Ikhwalithi yenhlanzi ivame ukuhlolwa ngokusekelwe kumakhemikhali, ngokomzimba, kanye ne-microbiological parameters. Imingcele evamile ihlanganisa:
– Okuqukethwe kwamaprotheni: uma kuphezulu kungcono kakhulu ekudleni.
– Okuqukethwe kwamanzi: okuphezulu kakhulu kwandisa ingozi yokukhula kwamagciwane kanye nesikhunta.
– Okuqukethwe kwamafutha: kuthinta amandla okuphakelwa kokudla, kodwa futhi kuthinta nengozi yokungadli kahle.
– Umlotha (amaminerali): ophezulu kakhulu ungase ubonise ukungcoliswa kwamathambo noma isihlabathi/usawoti okuningi kakhulu; kwezinye izinhlobo zokudla, umlotha ophezulu awufiseleki kangako.
– I-TVB-N kanye ne-TMA: izinkomba zokubola.
– Inani le-peroxide/inani le-anisidine: inkomba yokuxiliswa kwamafutha.
– I-Histamine: ibaluleke kakhulu ikakhulukazi uma izinto zokusetshenziswa zivela ezinhlotsheni ezithile; amazinga aphezulu abeka ingozi empilweni yezilwane futhi ayinkinga yokuphepha.
– Ukuhlanzeka kanye nezinto ezingcolisayo: okuhlanganisa izinsimbi ezisindayo, izinsalela, noma izinto zakwamanye amazwe.
Izindinganiso zekhwalithi ziyahlukahluka kuye ngenhloso (ukudla kwezinhlanzi okuphezulu, ukudla kwezinkukhu, noma ezinye izimboni) kanye nemithethonqubo ezweni ngalinye.
4. Ubuchwepheshe Bokukhiqiza: Uhlelo Olumanzi vs Uhlelo Olumile
Kunezindlela ezimbili ezinkulu zokusebenzisa imboni yokudla kwezinhlanzi:
1. Inqubo yokunciphisa ngamanzi: ihilela ukupheka, ukucindezela, ukuhlukanisa, nokomisa. Lena yindlela evame kakhulu yokukhiqiza izimboni ezinkulu ngenxa yesivuno sayo esihle kanye nekhono lokubuyisa uwoyela.
2. Ukwenziwa okomile: izinto ziyashiswa bese zomiswa ngaphandle kokucindezela kakhulu. Le ndlela ilula kodwa ivame ukukhiqiza umkhiqizo onamafutha amaningi futhi ingahluka ngekhwalithi. Ifanele ukukhiqizwa okuncane noma izinto ezithile zokusetshenziswa, kodwa idinga ukulawulwa okuqinile kwephunga kanye nokushiswa kwe-oxidation.
5. Ukulawulwa Kwephunga Nokungcola
Imboni yezinhlanzi ivame ukuhlotshaniswa nezinkinga zephunga. Ubuchwepheshe besimanje buvame ukusebenzisa izinhlelo zokubamba umusi kanye ne-scrubbers, ama-biofilters, noma ama-condenser ukunciphisa ukukhishwa kwe-volatious compound. Amanzi angcolile avela enkambisweni yokuwasha kanye ne-evaporator condensate kumele aphathwe eSitshalweni Sokwelapha Amanzi Angcolile (WWTP) ukuze ahlangabezane nezindinganiso zekhwalithi ngaphambi kokuba akhishwe.
Ukusetshenziswa kwemikhiqizo engaphansi kwemikhiqizo efana namafutha enhlanzi kanye nezinto ezincibilikayo zezinhlanzi kuyisu elibalulekile lokunciphisa imfucuza ngenkathi kukhulisa inani lezomnotho.
6. Ukusimama kanye Nokusungula Izinto Ezintsha
Ukusimama kwezinhlanzi kuyinto ekhathazayo kakhulu ngoba ukudla kwezinhlanzi okuningi kuvela ekudobeni okubanjwe. Izimboni eziningi seziqala ukuthembela ekucubungulweni kwezinhlanzi njengezinto zokusetshenziswa ukuze kuncishiswe ingcindezi ezitokweni zezinhlanzi. Isitifiketi sokudoba esiqhubekayo kanye nokulandelelwa kwazo nakho kubaluleke kakhulu, ikakhulukazi ezimakethe zokuthumela kwamanye amazwe.
Ezinye izinto ezintsha zifaka phakathi ukusetshenziswa kwezinzwa ukuqapha izinga lokushisa kanye nokuqukethwe komswakama ngesikhathi sangempela, ukwenza ngokuzenzakalelayo kwenqubo, kanye nokusetshenziswa kwezinhlelo ze-HACCP kanye ne-GMP ukuqinisekisa ukuphepha kokudla/kokudla. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ucwaningo luyathuthuka ekucutshungulweni kwezinga lokushisa eliphansi ukuze kulondolozwe ikhwalithi yamaprotheni, kanye nokusetshenziswa kwama-antioxidants emvelo ukunciphisa ukuthembela ezithakweni zokwenziwa.
Isiphetho
Ubuchwepheshe bokukhiqiza i-fishmeal buwuchungechunge lwezinqubo ezidinga ukulawulwa okuphumelelayo kokusha kwezinto ezingavuthiwe, izinga lokushisa, isikhathi, kanye nokuhlukaniswa kwesigaba. Izigaba zokupheka, ukucindezela, ukuhlukanisa, ukomisa, ukugaya, kanye nokupakisha kumele zenzelwe ukukhiqiza i-fishmeal enokuqukethwe okuphezulu kwamaprotheni, ukuzinza ngesikhathi sokugcina, kanye nokuphepha ekungcoleni nasekuboleni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, imboni idinga futhi ukucabangela ukulawula iphunga, ukuphathwa kwemfucuza, kanye nokusimama kwezinto zokusetshenziswa. Ngokusebenzisa ubuchwepheshe obufanele kanye nesistimu yekhwalithi eqinile, i-fishmeal ingaba umkhiqizo osusu osekela ukukhula okusimeme kwemikhakha yokudla kanye nokufuywa kwezinhlanzi.
