Ubuchwepheshe Bokulondolozwa Kwemikhiqizo Yokudoba
Imikhiqizo yokudoba efana nezinhlanzi, ama-shrimp, ama-squid, ama-shellfish, kanye nezinye izinhlobo ezahlukene ze-biota zasemanzini ziyimithombo ebalulekile yamaprotheni ezilwane emphakathini. Ngaphezu kwenani lazo eliphezulu lokudla okunomsoco, imikhiqizo yokudoba nayo inenani elikhulu kwezomnotho njengoba isebenza njengezinto zokusetshenziswa zasekhaya kanye nezimboni. Kodwa-ke, naphezu kwalokhu kungenzeka, imikhiqizo yokudoba ingukudla okonakala kakhulu. Uma izinhlanzi sezibanjwe noma zivunwa, ikhwalithi yazo yehla ngokushesha ngenxa yomsebenzi wama-enzyme, ukukhula kwamagciwane, kanye nokusabela kwamakhemikhali njengokushisa kwamafutha. Ngakho-ke, ubuchwepheshe bokulondolozwa kwemikhiqizo yokudoba buyisihluthulelo sokugcina ikhwalithi, ukwandisa isikhathi sokuphila, ukuqinisekisa ukuphepha kokudla, kanye nokwandisa inani lomkhiqizo.
Kungani Imikhiqizo Yokudoba Ishabalala Ngokushesha?
Ngokuvamile, izinhlanzi nemikhiqizo yokudoba inokuqukethwe kwamanzi amaningi, izicubu ezithambile, kanye nokwakheka kokudla okunomsoco okusekela ukukhula kwamagciwane. Ngemva kokufa kwenhlanzi, amasosha omzimba ayo ayavaleka, okuvumela amagciwane avela phezulu, ama-gill, namathumbu ukuba achume. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ama-enzyme emvelo emzimbeni wenhlanzi ahlala esebenza futhi abangela i-autolysis, inqubo yokubola kwezicubu ebangela ukuthungwa okuthambile kanye nephunga elingathandeki. Okubaluleke ngokulinganayo, izinhlanzi ezinamafutha amaningi zisengozini yokubola ngenxa ye-oxidation, ikakhulukazi lapho zivezwa emoyeni, ekukhanyeni, kanye namazinga okushisa aphezulu. Lokhu kuhlanganiswa kwezici kwenza ukulondolozwa kubalulekile kusukela esigabeni sokuqala sokuphathwa.
Izimiso Eziyisisekelo Zobuchwepheshe Bokulondoloza
Ubuchwepheshe bokulondoloza izinhlanzi buhlose ukuvimbela noma ukuvimba izimbangela zokonakala. Izimiso eziningana ezivame ukusetshenziswa zifaka: ukwehlisa izinga lokushisa ukuze kuncishiswe umsebenzi wamagciwane kanye nama-enzyme; ukunciphisa okuqukethwe umswakama noma umsebenzi wamanzi ukuze kuvinjelwe ukukhula kwamagciwane; ukwengeza izilondolozi zemvelo noma zamakhemikhali (njengoba kuqondiswe) ukuvimbela amagciwane; ukunciphisa ukuthintana nomoya-mpilo; kanye nokushisa ukuze kubulawe amagciwane. Izindlela eziningi zokulondoloza zanamuhla zisebenzisa inhlanganisela yalezi zimiso ukuze kwandiswe ukusebenza kahle.
Ukuphola Nokuqandisa
Indlela evame kakhulu futhi elula kakhulu ukupholisa ngeqhwa noma ngesiqandisi. Ukupholisa amazinga okushisa azungeze u-0–4°C kunganciphisa ukuwohloka, kodwa hhayi ukukuvimba ngokuphelele. Ngakho-ke, lapho kuphathwa izinhlanzi emikhunjini noma ngesikhathi sokuvunwa kwezinhlanzi, iqhwa eliqhekekile noma iqhwa elikhulu livame ukusetshenziswa ukupholisa izinhlanzi ngokushesha. Isilinganiso seqhwa nezinhlanzi sivame ukulungiswa ngokuya ngobude bohambo kanye nezimo zezulu.
Ukuze kugcinwe isikhathi eside, ukuqandisa kuyindlela eyinhloko. Inhlanzi iqandisiwe emazingeni okushisa angaphansi kuka-18°C ukuze kumiswe ukukhula kwamagciwane. Ukuqandisa okusheshayo kungcono kunokuqandisa kancane ngoba kwakha amakristalu eqhwa amancane, kunciphisa umonakalo wezicubu. Umkhiqizo oqandisiwe ube usugcinwa endaweni yokugcina ebandayo bese usatshalaliswa ochungechungeni lokubanda. Izinselele ngale ndlela zifaka phakathi izindleko zamandla, izidingo zesikhungo, kanye nengozi yokuwohloka kwekhwalithi ngenxa yokushintshashintsha kwezinga lokushisa noma ukuncibilika okuphindaphindiwe.
Ukomisa Nokuphelelwa Amanzi Emzimbeni
Ukomisa kuyindlela yendabuko ephumelelayo, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezisogwini. Izinhlanzi zomiswa elangeni noma kusetshenziswa imishini yokomisa. Umgomo ukunciphisa okuqukethwe umswakama ukuze amagciwane angakhuli. Imikhiqizo evamile ifaka izinhlanzi ezomisiwe ezinosawoti noma izinhlanzi zamanzi ahlanzekile ezomisiwe. Nakuba kungabizi kakhulu, ukomisa kwendabuko kunezinkinga ezifana nokuncika esimweni sezulu, ingozi yothuli nokungcoliswa yizinambuzane, kanye nekhwalithi engaguquki.
Ubuchwepheshe besimanje obuningi buhlanganisa imishini yokomisa amakhabethe, imishini yokomisa imigudu, kanye nokomisa ngomoya oshisayo olawulwayo. Kukhona futhi nokomisa ngeqhwa, okukhiqiza imikhiqizo eyomile kakhulu, esezingeni eliphezulu, kodwa ebiza kakhulu. Ngakho-ke, le ndlela ivame ukusetshenziselwa imikhiqizo enenani eliphezulu noma izidingo ezikhethekile.
Ukufaka Usawoti, Ukunambitheka, Nokuvubela
Usawoti usebenza ngokudonsa amanzi ezicutshini zezinhlanzi ngokusebenzisa i-osmosis, ukunciphisa umsebenzi wamanzi nokuvimbela ukukhula kwamagciwane. Usawoti ungenziwa okomile (usawoti owomile) noma kube manzi (ukuhlanza ngamanzi ahlanzekile). Usawoti uvame ukuhlanganiswa nokomisa ukuze kukhiqizwe izinhlanzi ezinosawoti ezihlala isikhathi eside. Nakuba kusebenza kahle, usawoti ungandisa amazinga e-sodium, okuyinto ekhathazayo empilweni.
Ngaphandle kosawoti, eminye imikhiqizo isebenzisa ushukela njengesivikelo, isibonelo kwezinye izinto ezimnandi. Ukubilisa, ngakolunye uhlangothi, ubuchwepheshe bendabuko obusebenzisa amagciwane awusizo ukukhiqiza amakhemikhali avimbela amabhaktheriya okonakala ngenkathi kwakhiwa ukunambitheka okuhlukile. Izibonelo zifaka phakathi i-shrimp paste, i-bekasam, i-peda, neminye imikhiqizo yezinhlanzi ezibilisiwe. Izihluthulelo zokubilisa ngempumelelo ukuhlanzeka, ukwakheka kwezithako, kanye nokulawula izinga lokushisa nesikhathi sokuphepha kanye nokuvumelana.
Ukubulala nge-fumigation
Ukubhema kuyindlela yokugcina nokufaka ukunambitheka. Intuthu iqukethe ama-antimicrobial kanye nama-antioxidant, kuyilapho inqubo isiza futhi ukunciphisa okuqukethwe kwamanzi. Kukhona ukubhema okushisayo, okupheka inhlanzi ngenkathi uyigcina, kanye nokubhema okubandayo, okwenziwa emazingeni okushisa aphansi ukuze kulondolozwe ukuthungwa okuthile. Ukubhema kwendabuko kusebenzisa isithando somlilo, kuyilapho ukubhema kwesimanje kusebenzisa indlu yokubhema enokushisa okulawulwa kakhulu kanye nokugeleza kwentuthu. Izinselele ziwukulawulwa kwekhwalithi kanye nethuba lokwakheka kwama-compound angafuneki uma inqubo yokushisa ingaphelele, ngakho-ke ubuchwepheshe besimanje buvame ukusebenzisa intuthu ewuketshezi noma ukushisa okulawulwayo.
Ukukheniwa kanye Nokubulala Amagciwane
Ukugalela izinhlanzi emathinini kuyindlela ephumelela kakhulu yokugcina izinhlanzi emathinini, ukwengeza i-medium (oyela, isosi, noma usawoti), ukukhipha umoya, ukuvala, bese uhlanza usebenzisa ukushisa okuphezulu. Ukugalela izinhlanzi emathinini kuhlose ukubulala amagciwane abangela izifo, okuhlanganisa ne-Clostridium botulinum eyingozi. Imikhiqizo efana ne-sardine esemathinini, i-tuna esemathinini, kanye ne-mackerel esemathinini yaziwa kabanzi ngokulula kwayo nokuqina kwayo. Kodwa-ke, ukutshalwa kwezimali kwemishini kubalulekile, futhi inqubo kumele ilandele izindinganiso eziqinile ukuqinisekisa ukuphepha.
Ukupakishwa Kwanamuhla: Ukupakishwa Kwe-Vacuum kanye Ne-Modified Atmosphere (MAP)
Ubuchwepheshe bokupakisha bushintsha ngokushesha futhi sebuyingxenye ebalulekile yokulondolozwa. Ukupakisha nge-vacuum kususa umoya ephaketheni, kunciphisa amazinga omoya-mpilo, kusiza ekunciphiseni ukungcoliswa kwamafutha kanye nokukhula kwamagciwane e-aerobic. Okwamanje, i-MAP (Modified Atmosphere Packaging) ithatha indawo yomoya ephaketheni ngengxube yamagesi afana ne-carbon dioxide ne-nitrogen ukuvimbela amagciwane. Le ndlela isetshenziswa kabanzi kuma-fillet ezinhlanzi amasha, ama-shrimp ahlutshiwe, kanye nemikhiqizo elungele ukupheka. Nakuba isebenza kahle, impumelelo ye-MAP isancike emazingeni okushisa aphansi okugcina kanye nenqubo yokukhiqiza ehlanzekile.
Ubuchwepheshe Bokulondoloza Obusekelwe Ezinto Zemvelo
Izitayela zamanje zabathengi zikhetha izithasiselo zemvelo. Izifundo ezahlukahlukene zithuthukise ukusetshenziswa kwezithako zezitshalo (isb., igalikhi, ijinja, i-rosemary), i-chitosan evela emfucumfucwini yegobolondo le-shrimp, kanye namakhemikhali emvelo okulwa namagciwane njenge-nisin. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukusetshenziswa kwezimbozo ezidliwayo kunganciphisa ukuchayeka kwezinhlanzi ku-oxygen kanye nokulahleka kwamanzi kancane. Lokhu kusungula akugcini nje ngokwandisa isikhathi sokuphila kodwa futhi kusekela umqondo wemboni eluhlaza kanye nokusetshenziswa kwemfucuza yokudoba.
Ukulawulwa Kwekhwalithi Nokuphepha Kokudla
Ubuchwepheshe bokulondoloza ngeke bube ngcono ngaphandle kokuphathwa kahle ngemva kokuvuna. Imikhuba efana nokuhlanza ngokushesha, ukususa ukhula, nokugeza ngamanzi ahlanzekile ibalulekile ukuze kube nekhwalithi yokugcina. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukusebenzisa uhlelo lokuphatha ukuphepha kokudla njenge-HACCP (Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points) kubalulekile embonini yokucubungula izinhlanzi. Ukuqapha izinga lokushisa, ukuhlanzeka kwabasebenzi, ukuhlanzeka kwemishini, kanye nekhwalithi yezinto zokusetshenziswa kumele kugcinwe ukuqinisekisa imikhiqizo ephephile nesebenzisekayo.
I-Penutup
Ubuchwepheshe bokulondolozwa kwezinhlanzi budlala indima ebalulekile ekugcineni ukutholakala kokudla okunomsoco, ukunciphisa ukulahlekelwa ngemva kokuvunwa, kanye nokwandisa ukuncintisana kwemikhiqizo yokudoba. Kusukela ezindleleni zendabuko ezifana nosawoti, ukomisa, ukubilisa, nokubhema, kuya ezindleleni zesimanje ezifana nokuqandisa nge-flash, ukufaka emathinini, ukupakisha nge-vacuum, i-MAP, kanye nokusetshenziswa kwezithako zemvelo, konke kunikeza izixazululo ezenzelwe izidingo nezimo ezithile. Inselele ezayo ukuthi ungayisebenzisa kanjani ubuchwepheshe obusebenzayo, obunobungani nemvelo, nobungabizi ngenkathi kuqinisekiswa ikhwalithi nokuphepha. Ngokusekelwa kokusungula izinto ezintsha kanye nokusetshenziswa kwezindinganiso ezizwakalayo, imikhiqizo yokudoba ingajatshulelwa kabanzi ngekhwalithi egcinwe kusukela phezulu kuya phansi.
