Izindlela Zokukhetha Indawo Yokufuya Izinhlanzi
Ukufuya izinhlanzi kuyimboni ebalulekile emkhakheni wezokudoba, okunegalelo elikhulu ekuhlangabezaneni nesidingo somhlaba wonke samaprotheni ezilwane. Impumelelo yokufuya izinhlanzi inqunywa yizici ezahlukahlukene, esinye sazo ukukhethwa kwendawo efanele. Ukukhetha indawo enemithombo yemvelo eminingi kubalulekile ukusekela umkhiqizo, ukusebenza kahle, kanye nokusimama kwebhizinisi lokufuya izinhlanzi. Lesi sihloko sizochaza izindlela ezibalulekile okufanele uzicabangele lapho ukhetha indawo yokufuya izinhlanzi.
Amanzi ayindlela eyinhloko yokufuya izinhlanzi, ngakho-ke ikhwalithi yamanzi iyisici esibalulekile. Ezinye izindinganiso zekhwalithi yamanzi okufanele uzicabangele zifaka:
a. Izinga lokushisa
Izinga lokushisa lamanzi lithinta kakhulu ukukhula kwezinhlanzi kanye nempilo yazo . Uhlobo ngalunye lwezinhlanzi lunezinga lokushisa elifanele lokukhula. Isibonelo, i-tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) ikhula kahle emazingeni okushisa angama-25-30 degrees Celsius, kanti i-carp (Cyprinus carpio) ikhula kahle emazingeni okushisa angama-18-26 degrees Celsius. Ngakho-ke, ukukhetha indawo kumele kucabangele izinga lokushisa lamanzi elifanele lezinhlanzi ezizofuywa.
b. i-pH
I-pH yamanzi efanelekile yezinhlobo eziningi zezinhlanzi iphakathi kuka-6,5 no-8,5. I-pH ene-acid kakhulu noma ene-alkaline kakhulu ingathinta kabi impilo yezinhlanzi futhi ibangele nokufa. Ngaphambi kokunquma indawo yokuzalela, kubalulekile ukwenza ukulinganisa okuphelele kwe-pH yamanzi.
c. Okuqukethwe kwe-oksijini okuncibilikisiwe
I-oxygen encibilikisiwe (DO) ibalulekile empilweni yezinhlanzi. Izinga eliphansi le-DO elidingekayo ekufuyweni kwezinhlanzi ngokuvamile lingu-5-6 mg/L. Izindawo ezinamazinga aphansi e-DO kufanele zigwenywe noma zidinge ukwelashwa okukhethekile njengokungenisa umoya okwengeziwe.
d. Ukutholakala Kwamanzi Nokusezingeni Eliphelele
Amanzi ahlanzekile angenazo izinto ezingcolisa amakhemikhali noma eziphilayo abalulekile. Amanzi angcoliswe amakhemikhali noma imfucuza yezimboni angalimaza indawo ezungezile ichibi futhi abeke impilo yezinhlanzi engozini.
2. I-Topography kanye ne-Soil
I-topography yendawo nayo idlala indima ebalulekile ekukhetheni indawo yokulima izinhlanzi. Izici ze-topography okufanele uzicabangele zifaka:
a. Ithambeka Lomhlaba
Indawo enethambeka elihle izokwenza kube lula izinqubo zokuphathwa kwamachibi, njengokuphathwa kwamanzi kanye nokulahlwa kwemfucuza. Ithambeka elifanele lamachibi ezinhlanzi ngokuvamile liphakathi kuka-1-2%.
b. Uhlobo Lomhlabathi
Uhlobo lomhlabathi luthinta amandla okugcina amanzi. Inhlabathi yobumba noma e-loamy iyathandwa ngenxa yamandla ayo aphezulu okugcina amanzi, okukhuthaza ukwakheka kwamachibi azinzile ngaphandle kokuvuza. Inhlabathi enesihlabathi noma enamatshe ayifaneleki kangako ngoba ivame ukumunca amanzi.
c. Ukuvunyelwa kwenhlabathi
Ukumunca kwenhlabathi, noma ikhono lomhlabathi lokukhipha amanzi, nakho kubalulekile ukukucabanga. Inhlabathi emunca amanzi kancane ingcono ekwakheni ichibi ngoba igcina amanzi kahle, kanti inhlabathi emunca amanzi amaningi ivumela amanzi ukuthi angene kalula enhlabathini, okungaholela ekushodeni kwamanzi echibini.
3. Ukufinyeleleka kanye Nengqalasizinda
Ukulula kokufinyelela ezindaweni zokulima izinhlanzi kuthinta ukusebenza kahle kokusebenza kanye nokusatshalaliswa komkhiqizo. Izindlela zokufinyeleleka kanye nengqalasizinda okumele zicatshangelwe yilezi:
a. Eduze komgwaqo omkhulu
Indawo eseduze nomgwaqo omkhulu izokwenza kube lula ukuthuthwa kwezinto zokusetshenziswa ezifana nokudla kwezinhlanzi kanye nezitshalo ezivuniwe. Ingqalasizinda yomgwaqo enhle isekela nokusatshalaliswa kwemikhiqizo etshaliwe emakethe ngokushelela.
b. Ukutholakala kukagesi namanzi
Ukutholakala kukagesi kubalulekile ekusebenzeni kwemishini yamachibi njengamasondo amanzi kanye nezinhlelo zokungenisa umoya. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuhlinzekwa kwamanzi ahlanzekile okuqhubekayo kubalulekile ekulimeni okusimeme.
c. Ezinye Izikhungo Ezisekelayo
Izikhungo ezisekelayo ezifana nama-laboratory okuhlola ikhwalithi yamanzi, amahhovisi okuphatha, kanye nezindawo zokugcina ukudla nemishini yokulima nazo ziyadingeka ukuze kusebenze kahle futhi ngempumelelo.
4. Ukuphepha kanye Nokusebenza Ngokomthetho
a. Ukuphepha Kwendawo
Ukuphepha kwendawo kumele kucatshangelwe ukuze kugwenywe ukuphazamiseka okufana nokweba kanye nezingxabano nezakhamuzi zendawo. Indawo ephephile izosekela imisebenzi yokulima ebushelelezi.
b. Ubunikazi kanye Nezimvume
Ukukhethwa kwendawo kumele kuhambisane nemithetho nemigomo esebenzayo. Lokhu kufaka phakathi ubunikazi bomhlaba obucacile kanye nezimvume zokulima ezivela ezinhlanganweni ezifanele. Ukwephula imithetho kungaholela ezingxabanweni zomthetho ezingaba yingozi ebhizinisini lakho.
5. Izici Zemvelo Nezemvelo
a. Ukuhlukahluka Kwezinto Eziphilayo
Indawo ekhethiwe akufanele ilimaze indawo ekhona yemvelo. Ukusungulwa kokufuya izinhlanzi kumele kuhambisane nemizamo yokulondolozwa kwezinto eziphilayo. Imithetho yokuguqula izindawo ezivikelwe noma izindawo ezimanzi zemvelo zibe amachibi ezinhlanzi kumele ilandelwe.
Ukuhlaziywa Komthelela Wezemvelo (i-AMDAL) kubalulekile ukuqonda imiphumela emibi engaba khona nokuthi ungayiphatha kanjani. Isibonelo, ukusetshenziswa kokudla kwezinhlanzi nemithi kumele kuqashwe ukuze kuvinjelwe ukungcoliswa kwemvelo.
c. Ukuphathwa Kwemfucuza
Ukuphathwa kwemfucuza okufanele kumele kuhlelwe ukuze kuvinjelwe ukungcoliswa kwamanzi nomhlabathi ozungezile. Uhlelo lokwelapha imfucuza olusebenzayo luzosiza ekugcineni ikhwalithi yemvelo kanye nempilo yezinhlanzi.
6. Umnotho kanye neMakethe
a. Izindleko Zomhlaba Nezokuthuthukiswa
Ukukhethwa kwendawo kumele futhi kucabangele izindleko zomhlaba kanye nentuthuko. Umhlaba ongabizi kakhulu kude nezimakethe ungase ube shibhile kunomhlaba obiza kakhulu oseduze nezimakethe ezinkulu.
b. Ibanga Eliya Emakethe
Ukusondela noma ibanga ukusuka emakethe yokugcina kuzothinta izindleko zokuthutha kanye nokusha komkhiqizo. Indawo ehlelekile eduze kwemakethe ivumela ukuthuthwa okusheshayo kwezinhlanzi ezintsha, okwandisa ikhwalithi yokuthengisa.
c. Ukusekelwa nguHulumeni
Khetha indawo endaweni ethola ukwesekwa nguhulumeni kwentuthuko yezokudoba, njengoxhaso, ukuqeqeshwa, noma ingqalasizinda eyanele. Lokhu kusekelwa kuzokwenza kube lula ukusungulwa kwebhizinisi elizinzile.
Isiphetho
Ukukhetha indawo yokufuya izinhlanzi kudinga ukucatshangelwa okubanzi kwezinto ezahlukahlukene, okuhlanganisa ikhwalithi yamanzi, ukuma komhlaba kanye nohlobo lomhlabathi, ukufinyeleleka kanye nengqalasizinda, ukuphepha kanye nokusemthethweni, izimo zemvelo nezemvelo, kanye nezici zomnotho kanye nokuba seduze nezimakethe. Indawo efanelekile kumele isekele umkhiqizo kanye nokusebenza kahle, ngenkathi igcina ukuzinza kwebhizinisi ngokugcina ibhalansi yemvelo. Ngokucabanga ngazo zonke lezi zindlela, ukufuya izinhlanzi kulindeleke ukuthi kuveze imiphumela emihle kakhulu futhi eqhubekayo.
