Isihloko: Izinhlobo Zomhlabathi Nezimpawu Zazo KuJografi
Inhlabathi iyisici esiyisisekelo nesingenakufakwa esikhundleni semvelo yoMhlaba. Ayisekeli nje kuphela impilo yezitshalo kodwa futhi ihlinzeka ngendawo yokuhlala yezinhlobo ezahlukene zezinto eziphilayo futhi idlala indima ebalulekile emijikelezweni yamanzi nezakhamzimba. Ngokwendawo, inhlabathi inezinhlobo nezici ezahlukahlukene, ezithonywa yizici ezifana nesimo sezulu, izinto eziyinhloko, ukuma kwendawo, isikhathi, kanye nomsebenzi wezinto eziphilayo. Lesi sihloko sizoxoxa ngezinhlobo ezahlukene zenhlabathi kanye nezici zazo, kanye nendima yazo ebalulekile emvelweni kanye nasemvelweni.
1. Inhlabathi enamanzi amaningi
Izici:
Inhlabathi enama-alluvial ivame ukutholakala ezindaweni eziphansi ezakhiwe ngokuminza komfula. Le nhlabathi inokwakheka okuncishisiwe kuya kokuma-gray, kuye ngobukhulu bezinhlayiya ezifakwe ngamanzi. Inhlabathi enama-alluvial inokuqukethwe okuphezulu kwezinto eziphilayo, okwenza ivunde kakhulu futhi ilungele imisebenzi yezolimo.
Ukusatshalaliswa:
Inhlabathi enamanzi amaningi ivame ukutholakala ezindaweni ezinkulu zasemfuleni, ezigodini zemifula, nasezindaweni ezigcwele amanzi. Izibonelo ezidumile zifaka phakathi izindawo zasemfuleni iNayile, iGanges, kanye ne-Amazon.
Indima Yemvelo:
Lo mhlaba ubaluleke kakhulu ekukhiqizweni kokudla ngenxa yokuchuma kwawo, usekela ezolimo ezinkulu ezingxenyeni eziningi zomhlaba.
2. Inhlabathi ye-Laterite
Izici:
Inhlabathi ye-Laterite icebile nge-iron kanye ne-aluminium oxides, okwenza ibe nombala obomvu noma ophuzi. Le nhlabathi ivame ukuba mpofu ezintweni eziphilayo kanye nezakhamzimba ngenxa yokugeleza kwamanzi emvula. I-Laterite iminyene kakhulu futhi iqinile uma yomile kodwa iba nobumba kakhulu uma imanzi.
Ukusatshalaliswa:
Inhlabathi ye-Laterite ivame ukutholakala ezindaweni ezishisayo ezinemvula ephezulu, njengehlathi lemvula lase-Amazon, i-Central Africa, kanye ne-Southeast Asia.
Indima Yemvelo:
Nakuba ingavundile kangako, inhlabathi ye-laterite isekela izinhlobo zezitshalo ezijwayele izimo ezingenazo izakhamzimba. Ukuphathwa okufanele, okuhlanganisa ukujikeleziswa kwezitshalo kanye nokusetshenziswa komanyolo wemvelo, kungandisa umkhiqizo wazo.
3. Inhlabathi yePodzol
Izici:
Inhlabathi ye-Podzol inesendlalelo esijiyile se-organic phezu komhlaba kanye nesendlalelo esimpunga, esino-acid ngaphansi. Yakhiwa ngenqubo ye-podsolization, lapho amaminerali anjenge-iron ne-aluminium ekhishwa khona kusuka esendlaleloni esiphezulu bese ehlala esendlaleloni esingezansi. I-Podzol ivame ukuba ne-nutrient ephansi futhi i-acidic.
Ukusatshalaliswa:
Ama-Podzol avame ukutholakala ezindaweni ezinesimo sezulu esifudumele kuya kwezibandayo, njengamahlathi e-taiga noma e-boreal aseRussia, eCanada, naseScandinavia.
Indima Yemvelo:
Nakuba ingenawo umanyolo, inhlabathi ye-podzol isekela izimiso zemvelo zamahlathi e-boreal ezibalulekile ezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo kanye nokulinganisela kwesimo sezulu somhlaba wonke.
4. Inhlabathi ye-Alfisol
Izici:
Ama-Alfisols acebile ngezakhamzimba futhi anamandla aphezulu okushintshanisa i-cation, okwenza avunde kakhulu. Lezi nhlabathi ngokuvamile zine-horizon engu-A ejiyile (inhlabathi ephezulu) enenani elikhulu lezinto eziphilayo, kanye ne-horizon engu-B equkethe amaminerali obumba.
Ukusatshalaliswa:
Inhlabathi ye-Alfisol ivame ukutholakala ezindaweni ezifudumele nezifudumele, okuhlanganisa i-United States, i-India, ne-Brazil.
Indima Yemvelo:
Ama-Alfisols abalulekile kwezolimo, ikakhulukazi ezitshalweni ezihlala isikhathi eside njengezihlahla nezihlahla. Ukutholakala kwamanzi okuhle kanye nezakhamzimba kusekela ukukhula kwezilimo zokudla ezinkulu njengommbila, ukolweni, kanye nobhontshisi.
5. Inhlabathi ye-Vertisol
Izici:
Inhlabathi ye-Vertisol inokuqukethwe okuphezulu kakhulu kobumba, okwenza ukuthi ikhule futhi iqhekeke uma yomile. Ama-Vertisol anekhono lokumunca amanzi amaningi kodwa futhi angaba nzima kakhulu uma yomile.
Ukusatshalaliswa:
Ama-Vertisol atholakala ezindaweni ezishisayo nezishisayo ezinezinkathi ezihlukile zemvula nezomile, njengeSudan, India, ne-Australia.
Indima Yemvelo:
Nakuba ama-Vertisol kungaba nzima ukuwatshala ngenxa yobubanzi bawo, le nhlabathi ingaba nesivuno esihle uma iphathwa kahle. Ukusetshenziswa kwemikhuba emihle yezolimo kubalulekile ukuze kuthuthukiswe umkhiqizo.
6. Inhlabathi yeGelisol
Izici:
Inhlabathi ye-Gelisol yakha ezindaweni ezine-permafrost ehlala njalo noma eziqandisa isikhathi eside, lapho i-permafrost ibusa khona. Le nhlabathi inomkhathi we-O ojiyile (ungqimba lwezinto eziphilayo), kodwa ivame ukuvinjelwa ungqimba lwe-permafrost oluzinzile ngaphansi.
Ukusatshalaliswa:
Ama-Gelisol atholakala eNyakatho naseSouth Poles, kanye nasemathafeni ase-tundra aseSiberia, e-Alaska naseCanada.
Indima Yemvelo:
Ukuncibilikisa i-permafrost ngenxa yokufudumala komhlaba kungakhipha inani elikhulu lekhabhoni elalibanjwe ngaphambili ku-permafrost, okungase kusheshise ukuguquka kwesimo sezulu.
7. Inhlabathi ye-Mollisol
Izici:
Ama-mollisol aziwa ngokuvunda kwawo okuphezulu kakhulu, ngokuvamile anenhlabathi ephezulu ecebile ngezinto eziphilayo. Isakhiwo sawo somhlabathi esixegayo sisiza ukukhula kwezimpande zezitshalo.
Ukusatshalaliswa:
Inhlabathi ye-mollisol itholakala kakhulu ezindaweni ezinotshani eNyakatho Melika, eNingizimu Melika, eRussia naseMongolia.
Indima Yemvelo:
Ama-mollisol abalulekile ekulimeni ukolweni, ummbila, nezinye izitshalo zokusanhlamvu. Anikeza ukudla kwabantu abaningi ezindaweni zabo zomdabu.
8. Inhlabathi ye-Aridisol
Izici:
Ama-aridisol akheka ezindaweni ezomile futhi anokuqukethwe okuphansi kwezinto eziphilayo kanye nokuqukethwe okunosawoti omningi. Le nhlabathi ivame ukuba nzima futhi yome futhi inezindawo ezilinganiselwe zomhlabathi.
Ukusatshalaliswa:
Inhlabathi ye-Aridisol ivame ukutholakala ezingwadule nasezindaweni ezomile njengaseSahara, e-Arabian Peninsula, naseNingizimu-ntshonalanga Melika.
Indima Yemvelo:
Inhlabathi ye-Aridisol isekela izitshalo ezilungele izimo ezomile, njenge-cacti kanye ne-xerophytes. Ukusetshenziswa kwale nhlabathi kwezolimo kuvame ukudinga ukunisela kakhulu.
Izwi lokugcina
Ukuqonda izinhlobo zenhlabathi kanye nezici zazo kubalulekile ngokwendawo kanye nemvelo. Uhlobo ngalunye lwenhlabathi lunezici ezihlukile ezithonya umkhiqizo walo, uhlobo lwezitshalo ezingakhula, kanye nokuphathwa okungcono kakhulu kokulondoloza ibhalansi yezemvelo. Eqinisweni, inhlabathi iyinsiza yemvelo ebalulekile neyigugu edinga ukunakekelwa ngokucophelela nokuvikelwa kokusimama kwemvelo kanye nokusimama kwezolimo.
