Indlela Yokubona Izinhlobo Zenhlabathi Ensimini
Ukuhlonza izinhlobo zenhlabathi ensimini kuyikhono elibalulekile kubalimi, abalimi, abafundi, abacwaningi kanye nezisebenzi zokwakha. Inhlabathi akuyona nje "indawo yokukhulisa," kodwa uhlelo lwemvelo oluthonya ukutholakala kwamanzi, izakhamzimba, umoya, ukuthuthukiswa kwezimpande, kanye nokuqina kwesakhiwo. Ngokuhlonza izinhlobo zenhlabathi endaweni (ngaphandle kwemishini yelabhorethri), singenza izinqumo ezinolwazi oluthe xaxa: ukukhetha izitshalo, ukunquma izindlela zokuphatha umhlaba, ukuklama amanzi, noma ukunquma izidingo zokuthuthukisa umanyolo kanye nesakhiwo senhlabathi.
Lesi sihloko sixoxa ngezindlela ezisebenzayo zokuhlonza izinhlobo zenhlabathi ensimini ngokubuka, ukuhlolwa okulula, kanye nokuhumusha imiphumela.
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1. Qonda "uhlobo lomhlabathi" okukhulunywa ngawo
Ensimini, igama elithi “uhlobo lomhlabathi” livame ukubhekisela ezintweni eziningana ngesikhathi esisodwa, okungukuthi:
1. Ukuthungwa komhlabathi: isilinganiso sesihlabathi, udaka, kanye nezingxenyana zobumba. Lena yindlela evame ukutholakala.
2. Isakhiwo senhlabathi: ukuma kwezingxenye/izingcezu zenhlabathi (izingcezu, izigaxa, i-prismatic, njll.).
3. Izimo zamakhemikhali ezilula: njengenhlabathi ene-acidic (i-pH ephansi) noma equkethe i-lime (i-calcite), usawoti, noma izinto eziphilayo.
4. Izimo zomzimba: ukugeleza kwamanzi, ubuningi, ukujula okusebenzayo, kanye ne-hardpan.
Kulesi sihloko, okugxilwe kakhulu ukuhlonza ukuthungwa futhi kuhambisana nezinye izinkomba ezilula ukuzenza ensimini.
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2. Ukulungiselela ngaphambi kokubona
Ngaphambi kokwenza isivivinyo, yenza amalungiselelo alula ukuze imiphumela yokubuka ibe nembambe kakhudlwana:
– Khetha izindawo zokuthatha izibonelo: Thatha amaphuzu amaningana amele indawo (isb., amaphuzu angu-3–5). Gwema eduze kwezinqwaba zomquba, imigwaqo, izindawo zokushisa, noma izindawo ezisanda kugcwaliswa.
– Gubha inhlabathi: kungcono ujule ngo-20-30 cm ukuze ubone ngeso lengqondo ungqimba lokulima. Uma kungenzeka, hlola futhi ungqimba olungezansi lufinyelele ku-50-80 cm.
– Qopha izimo zendawo: umthambeka, amachibi, izitshalo ezivelele, umlando womhlaba (amasimu elayisi, izingadi, imigoqo), kanye nemisebenzi yabantu.
Amathuluzi azosiza: igeja/ifosholo elincane, isitsha, amanzi anele, ibhodlela lokufafaza, futhi uma likhona, iphepha le-pH noma imitha ye-pH ephathekayo.
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3. Thola ukuthungwa kwenhlabathi usebenzisa indlela yokuzizwa
Izindlela ezivame kakhulu nezisebenzayo “ukuhlola ukuzizwa” (ukuthinta) kanye “nokuhlola ukugoqa” ukuhlola okuqukethwe ubumba, isihlabathi, kanye nodaka.
A. Ukuhlolwa okusheshayo: ukuzizwa uma uthintwa
Thatha inhlabathi emanzi (engamanzi kakhulu). Cindezela bese uhlikihla phakathi kweminwe:
– Inhlabathi enesihlabathi: izwakala ilukhuni, okusanhlamvu kubonakala kahle, kunzima ukukuxuba, kuyawa ngokushesha.
– Inhlabathi enodaka/enothuli: izwakala kahle njengofulawa, ishelela uma yomile, “ithambile” kancane uma imanzi.
– Ubumba: luzwakala lunamathela futhi luyipulasitiki uma lumanzi, lungakheka, lushelela kodwa “lunzima”, luvame ukushiya amabala eminweni.
B. Ukuhlolwa kweribhoni
1. Manzisa inhlabathi kancane kancane kuze kube yilapho ikwazi ukubhucungwa.
2. Yakha amabhola amancane bese uwagoqa ezandleni zakho.
3. Cindezela phakathi kwesithupha sakho nomunwe wesikhombisi ukuze wakhe "iribhoni" ende.
Ukuhumusha okulula:
– Ayikwazi ukwakha amaribhoni (imifantu/iphuka ngokushesha): i-sandy dominant.
– Iribhoni elifushane (± 1–2 cm): i-sandy loam noma ubumba olunobumba oluncane.
– Ibhendi eliphakathi nendawo (± 2–5 cm): okuqukethwe ubumba okuphakathi nendawo (ubumba oluyindilinga).
– Iribhoni ende (> 5 cm) neguquguqukayo: okuqukethwe ubumba okuningi.
Hlanganisa nama-flavour:
– Uma ibhande lenziwe kodwa lizwakala liqinile: kunesihlabathi esiningi → ngokuvamile isihlabathi esinobumba oluyi-loam noma olufana nalo.
– Uma iribhoni yakheka futhi izwakala ibushelelezi kakhulu (hhayi ilukhuni): ivame ukuba yi-silty clay loam.
Le ndlela ayikhiqizi izinombolo eziqondile, kodwa iqinile ngokwanele ukuhlukaniswa okusebenzayo ensimini.
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4. Ukuhlolwa okulula kokudaya ngebhodlela (ukuhlolwa kwebhodlela)
Uma ufuna imiphumela ecacile ngaphandle kwelebhu, yenza ukuhlolwa kwenhlabathi:
1. Gcwalisa cishe ingxenye yesithathu yebhodlela elicwengekile ngenhlabathi ecolekileyo (engenamatshe/izimpande).
2. Faka amanzi aze agcwale cishe.
3. Faka insipho/isihlanzi esincane esiwuketshezi (amaconsi angu-1–2) ukuze usize ekusakazeni.
4. Shukumisa ngamandla imizuzu eyi-1-2, bese uyiyeka ime.
Isikhathi sokuthuthwa kwenhlabathi (isilinganiso esijwayelekile):
– Isihlabathi siyaqala ukuhlala (ngemizuzu).
– Udaka luzohlala ngokulandelayo (phakathi namahora ambalwa).
– Kuthatha isikhathi eside kakhulu (kungaba yizinsuku ezingu-1-2) futhi kwenza amanzi abe namafu isikhathi eside.
Ngemva kwamahora angu-24, uzobona ungqimba lwalokhu okulandelayo:
– phansi: isihlabathi,
– phakathi: udaka,
– phezulu: ubumba (ngezinye izikhathi luncane kodwa lucacile),
– phezulu: amanzi anamafu + izinto eziphilayo ezintantayo.
Kusukela ekujikeni kwesendlalelo ngasinye, ungalinganisa ingxenye evelele. Nakuba ingenalo iqiniso njengokuhlaziywa kokuthungwa kwelebhu, lokhu kuhlolwa kuyasiza kakhulu ekufundeni nasezinqumweni zasensimini.
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5. Ukuqaphela umbala womhlabathi kanye nencazelo yawo
Umbala wenhlabathi unikeza izinkomba mayelana nezinto eziphilayo, ukugeleza kwamanzi, kanye nokungcoliswa:
– Okumnyama/onsundu omnyama: okuqukethwe okuphezulu kwezinto eziphilayo, ngokuvamile okuvundile futhi okuxekethile (kodwa bheka ukuthungwa).
– Obomvu/ophuzi: i-iron oxide eningi, ngokuvamile ikhipha amanzi kahle, futhi inhlabathi “eyenziwe yaba yi-oxid”. Ivame ukutholakala enhlabathini endala ezindaweni ezishisayo.
– Okumpunga/oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka-ompunga: kubonisa ukuthi inhlabathi ivame ukugcwala ngamanzi (okunciphisa umswakama), ayinamanzi amaningi, futhi ivame ukukhukhuleka.
– Amachaphaza abomvu-grey: ukuguquguquka kwamanzi angaphansi komhlaba; ngezinye izikhathi agcwala ngesikhathi semvula futhi omile ngesikhathi sesomiso.
Qaphela: umbala uthintwa umswakama, ngakho-ke qaphela kokubili ezimweni ezinomswakama nezomile noma nini lapho kungenzeka.
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6. Hlola isakhiwo senhlabathi kanye nokulula kokutshala
Isakhiwo sibonisa ukuthi izinhlayiya zomhlabathi zakha kanjani amaqoqo:
– Isakhiwo se-crumb (esiyi-granular): sibukeka njengezinhlamvu ezincane, sichotshozwa kalula, umoya omuhle—ngokuvamile sihle kwezolimo.
– Amahlumela amakhulu/amakhulu: inhlabathi ivame ukuba lukhuni, kunzima ukuyitshala, izimpande zinobunzima obukhulu bokungena.
– Ingqimba eqinile (ipani eliqinile/ipani lokulima): etholakala ekujuleni okuthile, eqinile uma yomile, ivimbela izimpande namanzi.
Zama isivivinyo esilula:
– Bamba iphrofayili encane, ubone ukuthi kukhona yini izingqimba ezihlukile.
– Hlaba ngensimbi encane/isikulufu: uma kukhona ukujula okuthile okuvele kube nzima kakhulu, cishe kukhona ungqimba oluqinile.
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7. Ukuhlola ukugeleza kwamanzi: ukuhlolwa kwembobo yokuvuza
Ukugeleza kwamanzi kunquma ukuthi inhlabathi ikhipha amanzi ngokushesha noma iyawagcina isikhathi eside kakhulu.
Isinyathelo:
1. Yenza imbobo ± 15–20 cm ububanzi, ± 30 cm ukujula.
2. Gcwalisa amanzi phezulu, uwavumele acwiliswe (lokhu kumanziswe ngaphambi kwesikhathi).
3. Gcwalisa futhi, bese ulinganisa isikhathi lapho sehla khona.
Ukuhumusha okungenangqondo:
– Ukwehla okusheshayo kakhulu: inhlabathi enesihlabathi noma inhlabathi enezimbobo eziningi ezinkulu; amanzi alahleka kalula, adinga ukuphathwa kahle kokunisela/ukufaka umanyolo.
– Ukuwa okuphansi okumaphakathi: ngokuvamile kulungele izitshalo eziningi.
– Ukuwa kancane/amanzi ahlala isikhathi eside: ikakhulukazi ubumba, noma ungqimba olungangeni; ingozi yokuthi izimpande zintule umoya-mpilo.
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8. Izinkomba zenhlabathi ene-calcareous, acidic, noma usawoti
Ezinye izinhlobo zenhlabathi “zinezici ezikhethekile” ezingatholakala kalula:
A. Inhlabathi ye-calcite
– Izici: ngokuvamile izingcezu ezimhlophe, inhlabathi elula kancane.
– Ukuhlola: faka uviniga enhlabathini; uma uqhuma, kukhona i-carbonate (i-lime).
B. Inhlabathi ene-asidi
– Izici ezijwayelekile: ukukhula kwezitshalo ezithile kuyavinjelwa, ama-mosses/izihlahla ezithile ziyabusa (hhayi njalo).
– Isivivinyo: sebenzisa iphepha le-pH noma imitha ye-pH ephathekayo. Inhlabathi ene-asidi ivame ukuba yi-pH < 5,5. C. Inhlabathi enosawoti/i-sodic - Izici: ubuso obumhlophe obunoqweqwe, inhlabathi inobunzima bokumunca amanzi, izitshalo zibonakala “zishile” emaphethelweni amaqabunga. - Isivivinyo esilula: ukunambitheka okunosawoti olimini akukhuthazwa; kungcono ukusebenzisa imitha ye-EC ephathekayo uma ikhona, noma ukubona izimpawu zasensimini kanye noqweqwe lukasawoti. --- 9. Ukuhlanganisa imiphumela: isibonelo sokuhumusha okusheshayo Ukuze kube lula, nansi isibonelo sokuhlanganisa izinkomba eziningana: - Iqinile, ayikwazi ukuncishiswa, amanzi ancipha ngokushesha → inhlabathi yesihlabathi: ifanele izitshalo ezingamelani nesomiso, kodwa idinga umanyolo ovame kakhulu kanye ne-mulch. - Incane, iyashelela njengofulawa, amaribhoni amafushane aphakathi nendawo, iguguleka kalula → udaka oluningi: ivundile kodwa ithambekele ekugugulekeni; idinga isembozo somhlabathi. - Amaribhoni amade, anamathelayo, avame ukuba nodaka, aqhekeke uma omile → ubumba oluningi: igcina amanzi kahle, kodwa ithambekele ekuqineni; idinga izinto eziphilayo kanye nokuphathwa okuhlakaniphile. --- 10. Isiphetho: Isihluthulelo Sokuhlonza Inhlabathi Ngempumelelo Ukuhlonza izinhlobo zenhlabathi ensimini kwenziwa kahle kusetshenziswa inhlanganisela yalokhu: 1) ukuhlolwa kokuthungwa (ukuzizwa kanye netheyiphu), 2) ukuhlolwa kwenhlabathi yebhodlela, 3) ukubheka umbala, isakhiwo, kanye nokuphuma kwamanzi, kanye no-4) ukuhlolwa okulula kwe-pH/lime uma kudingeka. Uma uzijwayeza kakhulu ngesandla futhi uqhathanisa imiphumela nezimo zezitshalo kanye nokuziphatha kwamanzi ensimini, kulapho "imvelo yakho yenhlabathi" izoba nembe kakhulu khona. Uma isinqumo sibaluleke kakhulu—isibonelo, ukwakhiwa kwesisekelo, ukubuyiselwa komhlaba, noma ukutshala okunamandla kakhulu—imiphumela yensimu kufanele isaqinisekiswe ngokuhlolwa kwelebhu (ukuhlaziywa kokuthungwa, i-pH, i-organic carbon, i-NPK, i-CEC, kanye nosawoti). Ngale ndlela, ungaqonda inhlabathi hhayi kuphela ebusweni, kodwa futhi nasezicini zomzimba nezamakhemikhali ezinquma umkhiqizo kanye nokusimama komhlaba. --- Uma ufisa, ngingavumelanisa lesi sihloko nezimo ezithile (isibonelo, kubalimi belayisi, amasimu esundu kawoyela, ukulima, noma izidingo ze-geotechnical) bese ngengeza ithebula lokuhlukaniswa kokuthungwa elinemininingwane eminingi.
