Iyini i-Biogeography kanye nezibonelo zokusetshenziswa kwayo
I-Biogeography iyigatsha lesayensi elifunda ukusatshalaliswa kwezinto eziphilayo—kufaka phakathi izitshalo, izilwane, kanye nezinambuzane ezincane—ebusweni boMhlaba, kanye nezici ezibumba la maphethini okusatshalaliswa ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Uma sike sazibuza ukuthi kungani ama-Komodo dragons etholakala ezindaweni ezithile zase-Indonesia kuphela, ukuthi kungani ama-kangaroo ehlobene ne-Australia, noma ukuthi kungani amahlathi emvula asezindaweni ezishisayo ecebile kangaka ngezinhlobo uma kuqhathaniswa nezingwadule, leyo mibuzo iwela ngaphansi komkhakha we-biogeography. Le sayensi ihlanganisa imiqondo evela ku-biology, geology, climatology, ecology, kanye nokuziphendukela kwemvelo ukuchaza ukuthi izinto eziphilayo zihlala kuphi nokuthi kungani zikhona lapho.
Ukuqonda i-Biogeography
Kalula nje, i-biogeography ingachazwa njengocwaningo lokusatshalaliswa kwezindawo zezinto eziphilayo. I-Biogeography ayigcini nje ngokumaka izindawo zezinhlobo kodwa futhi ilandelela izinqubo ezisekela lokhu kusatshalaliswa. Lezi zinqubo zifaka phakathi umlando wokwakheka kwezwekazi, ukuguquka kwesimo sezulu, ukufuduka, ukuhlukaniswa kwezindawo, ukuncintisana okuqondile, ukuzivumelanisa nezimo, ngisho nokuqothulwa.
I-Biogeography igxila nasezikalini zendawo nezesikhathi. Esikalini sendawo, ucwaningo lungaba lukhulu kakhulu—isibonelo, ukusatshalaliswa kwezilwane ezincelisayo emhlabeni wonke—noma luqonde ngqo, njengokwakheka kwezitshalo esiqhingini esincane. Esikalini sesikhathi, i-biogeography ingafunda amaphethini okusatshalaliswa kwamanje (izimo zanamuhla) kanye nalawo adlule (izigidi zeminyaka yomlando woMhlaba). Ngakho-ke, i-biogeography ivame ukuhlukaniswa ngezindlela ezimbili ezibanzi: i-biogeography yezemvelo kanye ne-biogeography yomlando.
I-Biogeography Yezemvelo Nezomlando
I-biogeography yezemvelo igxile ezintweni zemvelo ezithinta ukusatshalaliswa kwamanje kwezinto eziphilayo. Izibonelo zifaka phakathi izinga lokushisa, imvula, uhlobo lomhlabathi, ukutholakala kwamanzi, ukuphakama, kanye nokusebenzisana nezinye izinhlobo. Isibonelo, izitshalo ezithile zikhula kuphela enhlabathini ecebile ngamaminerali, noma izinhlobo zezilwane eziphila emanzini nasemanzini zivame ukutholakala ezindaweni ezinomswakama ngoba isikhumba sazo sidinga izimo ezimanzi.
Okwamanje, i-biogeography yomlando ilandelela izehlakalo zesikhathi esidlule ezakha ukusatshalaliswa kwamanje kwezinto eziphilayo, njengokushintsha kwamapuleti e-tectonic, ukwakheka kwezintaba, izinguquko ezingeni lolwandle, kanye nomlando wokuziphendukela kwemvelo. Isibonelo, ukufana kwezitshalo nezilwane emazwekazini ahlukaniswe kabanzi manje kungachazwa ngomlando walapho lawo mazwekazi ayehlanganiswe khona abe amazwekazi amakhulu (njengePangaea noma iGondwana).
Lezi zindlela ezimbili ziyahambisana. Izimo zemvelo zinquma ukuthi uhlobo oluthile “luyakwazi yini ukuqhubeka” esifundeni, kanti umlando we-geological kanye nowokuziphendukela kwemvelo unquma ukuthi uhlobo lufike kanjani lapho kwasekuqaleni.
Izici Ezithinta Ukusatshalaliswa Kwezinto Eziphilayo
Ziningi izinto ezithonya amaphethini okusabalala kwezinto eziphilayo. Nazi ezinye zezinto ezibaluleke kakhulu:
1. Isimo sezulu (izinga lokushisa, imvula, izinkathi zonyaka)
Isimo sezulu yisona esibangela ukusabalala kwezinhlobo zezitshalo emhlabeni, njenge-tundra, i-taiga, amahlathi aqothulayo, ama-savanna kanye nogwadule. Izinhlobo ezivumelaniswe nesimo sezulu esibandayo zizolwela ukusinda ezindaweni ezishisayo, futhi okuphambene nalokho.
2. Indawo kanye nokwakheka kwendawo
Ukuphakama, ukuthambekela kwezintaba, kanye nokuba khona kwezintaba kungasebenza njengezivimbelo noma imihubhe yokufuduka. Izintaba eziphakeme zingahlukanisa izilwane, ngaleyo ndlela zibangele ukwakheka kwezinhlobo ezintsha.
3. Ukutholakala kwendawo yokuhlala kanye nezinsizakusebenza
Izinto eziphilayo zidinga ukudla, amanzi, nendawo ukuze ziphile. Izindawo ezinemithombo eminingi zivame ukuba nezinhlobo eziningi ezahlukahlukene.
4. Izithiyo zemvelo
Izilwandle, izingwadule ezinkulu, kanye nezintaba kungavimbela ukusabalala kwazo. Ngenxa yalokho, izinhlobo zezilwane ezitholakala endaweni ethile kuphela (lezo ezitholakala endaweni ethile) zivame ukutholakala eziqhingini noma ezindaweni ezikude.
5. Ukusebenzisana kwezinto eziphilayo
Ukuncintisana, ukudla ezinye izilwane, ukuxhaphaza izilwane, kanye nokubambisana nakho kudlala indima. Isibonelo, isitshalo singase singakhuli endaweni egcwele uhlobo oluhlaselayo olunolaka kakhulu.
6. Imisebenzi yabantu
Ukugawulwa kwamahlathi, ukusabalala kwamadolobha, ukuguquka kwesimo sezulu, kanye nokungeniswa kwezinhlobo ezingezona ezomdabu kungashintsha kakhulu ukusabalala kwezinto eziphilayo. Ezimweni eziningi, le miphumela isheshisa ukuqothulwa kwendawo futhi inciphise ukuhlukahluka kwezinto eziphilayo.
Imiqondo Ebalulekile ku-Biogeography
Ku-biogeography, kunemiqondo eminingana ebalulekile esiza ukuchaza amaphethini okusatshalaliswa kwezinto eziphilayo.
- Ukuhlala Kuphela
Uhlobo olutholakala endaweni ethile kuphela uhlobo olutholakala endaweni ethile. Isibonelo, udrako iKomodo (iVaranus komodoensis) lutholakala e-East Nusa Tenggara (iKomodo, iRinca, iFlores, kanye nezindawo ezizungezile).
– Ukusabalala (ukusabalala)
Ukusabalala inqubo yokusabalala kwezinto eziphilayo kusuka endaweni eyodwa kuya kwenye. Lokhu kungenzeka ngokunyakaza okusebenzayo (ukuhamba, ukundiza) noma ukunyakaza okungenamsebenzi (okuthwalwa umoya, imisinga yolwandle, noma abantu).
– I-Vicariance (ukuhlukaniswa kwezindawo)
Ukuhlangana kwenzeka lapho inani labantu lihlukana ngenxa yezinguquko zejiyoloji noma zemvelo, njengokwakheka komfula omkhulu noma ukuphakama kwamazinga olwandle ahlukanisa izinqwaba zomhlaba. Izinhlobo ezihlukene zibe seziguquka zibe izinhlobo ezahlukene.
- Ukwehluka kwezinhlobo
Ngokuvamile, ukuhlukahluka kwezinhlobo kuvame ukuba phezulu ezindaweni ezishisayo futhi kwehla kuya eziqongweni. Le ndlela isibe isifundo esivamile se-biogeography.
Izibonelo Zokusetshenziswa Kwe-Biogeography Empilweni Yangempela
I-biogeography akuyona nje inkolelo-mbono; inezinhlelo zokusebenza zangempela kwezokulondolozwa kwemvelo, ukuhlela kwesifunda, ezolimo, ngisho nokuphathwa kwezifo. Nazi ezinye izibonelo zezinhlelo zayo:
1. Ukulondolozwa Kwezinto Eziphilayo Nokusungulwa Kwezindawo Ezivikelwe
Enye yezindlela ezibaluleke kakhulu zokusebenzisa i-biogeography ukunquma izindawo zokulondolozwa ezibaluleke kakhulu. Ngokuqonda izikhungo zokutholwa kwezindawo ezihlala kuzo kanye nezindawo ezisengozini enkulu, ohulumeni kanye nezinhlangano zokulondolozwa kwemvelo bangaqoka amapaki kazwelonke noma izindawo zokugcina izilwane zasendle ngokunembile.
Isibonelo, e-Indonesia, izindawo ezifana neKomodo National Park, iLorentz National Park, kanye neGunung Leuser National Park ziphathwa ngenani lazo eliphezulu le-biogeographic—kokubili ngokwehlukile kwezinhlobo kanye nendima yazo ohlelweni lwemvelo. I-Biogeography ibuye isize ekuboneni imihubhe yezilwane zasendle ukuvimbela ukuhlukaniswa nokuvumela ukuthi izilwane eziningi zichume.
2. Ukuqonda Umugqa WaseWallace Nokusatshalaliswa Kwezilwane Zase-Indonesia
I-Indonesia "iyindawo yokucwaninga" edumile nge-biogeographic ngenxa yemingcele yayo yokusabalala kwezilwane, ikakhulukazi iWallace Line kanye nendawo yokuguquka (iWallacea). Ngokuvamile, ingxenye esentshonalanga ye-Indonesia (iSumatra, iJava, neKalimantan) inezilwane ezifana ne-Asia, kanti iPapua ifana ne-Australia. Phakathi kwalezi ezimbili kukhona indawo yokuguquka (iSulawesi, iNusa Tenggara, neMaluku), enenhlanganisela eyingqayizivele yezinhlobo ezitholakala endaweni eyodwa.
Lokhu kuqonda kubalulekile ekulondolozweni kwemvelo ngoba isifunda ngasinye sinezici ezihlukile zemvelo kanye nomlando wokuziphendukela kwemvelo. Izinqubomgomo zokulondolozwa eziphumelelayo kumele zicabangele lo mehluko we-biogeographic, kunokuba zihlanganise zonke iziqhingi.
3. Ukubikezela Umthelela Wokushintsha Kwesimo Sezulu Ekusabalaleni Kwezinhlobo Zezilwane
Njengoba amazinga okushisa omhlaba ekhuphuka kanye namaphethini esizini eshintsha, izindawo zokuhlala ezifanele izinhlobo eziningi ziyashintsha. I-Biogeography—esizwa yimodeli yokusatshalaliswa kwezinhlobo—isetshenziselwa ukubikezela ukuthi izinhlobo zizothuthela kuphi, yiziphi izifunda ezizolahlekelwa ukuhlukahluka kwezinto eziphilayo, kanye nezindawo okudingeka zilungiselelwe njengezindawo zokuhlala zesikhathi esizayo.
Isibonelo, ezinye izinhlobo zasezintabeni zisengozini yokulahlekelwa yindawo yokuhlala ngoba zikhushulelwa ezindaweni eziphakeme, kuyilapho iziqongo zezintaba zinendawo encane. Lolu hlobo lolwazi lusiza ekuhleleni ukulondolozwa kwesikhathi eside.
4. Ukulawulwa Kwezinhlobo Ezihlaselayo
Izinhlobo ezihlaselayo zingalimaza imvelo yendawo, zisuse izinhlobo zendawo, futhi zinciphise umkhiqizo wezolimo. I-Biogeography isiza ukuqonda izindlela zokungena, izimo zemvelo ezivumela ukusabalala, kanye nezindawo ezisengozini enkulu.
Isibonelo, i-water hyacinth noma izinhlobo eziningana zezinhlanzi ezifakiwe zisakazeka futhi zishintsha isakhiwo sezindawo zemvelo zasemanzini. Ngokuhlela ukusatshalaliswa kwazo okungenzeka, ukulawula kungenziwa ngokushesha nangokunembile.
5. Ezolimo kanye nokuphathwa kwezinsiza zemvelo
Kwezolimo, ukuqonda i-biogeography kuyasiza ekunqumeni izitshalo ezifanele isifunda ngokusekelwe esimweni sezulu, inhlabathi, kanye nezinambuzane nezifo ezivamile. Isibonelo, izitshalo ezithile zifaneleka kangcono ezindaweni eziphakeme ngenxa yokushisa okuphansi, kanti ezinye zichuma ezindaweni eziphansi ezinemvula ethile.
I-Biogeography nayo iyasiza ekubuyiselweni komhlaba owonakele. Lapho kwakhiwa kabusha amahlathi, izinhlobo zezitshalo kufanele zikhethwe ngokusekelwe ekusabalaleni kwazo kwemvelo kanye nokufaneleka kwazo endaweni yokuhlala, kunokutshala nje izinhlobo ezikhula ngokushesha.
6. Impilo: Ukusatshalaliswa Kwezifo Ezibangela Izifo
I-Biogeography isetshenziswa ukumaka ukusatshalaliswa kwezinto eziphilayo ezithwala izifo, njengomiyane i-Anopheles (malaria) noma umiyane i-Aedes aegypti (dengue). Isimo sezulu, imvula, kanye nobuningi babantu kuthinta izindawo zokuzalela omiyane. Amamephu e-Vector biogeography angasiza ekwenzeni imizamo yokuvimbela izifo kanye nokunciphisa izifo isebenze kangcono.
Isiphetho
I-Biogeography yisayensi echaza ukusatshalaliswa kwezinto eziphilayo eMhlabeni kanye nezinqubo ezizibumbayo, kokubili izici zemvelo zamanje kanye nomlando we-geological nowokuziphendukela kwemvelo wangaphambilini. Ukuqonda i-biogeography kusenza sikwazi ukuhumusha amaphethini okuhlukahluka kwezinto eziphilayo, ukuhlonza izindawo ezihlala khona, ukubikezela imiphumela yokushintsha kwesimo sezulu, ukulawula izinhlobo ezihlaselayo, kanye nokuklama izinqubomgomo zokulondolozwa ezifanele kakhulu.
Phakathi kwenkinga yezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo kanye nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu emhlabeni jikelele, i-biogeography isibe yinto ebaluleke kakhulu. Isiza abantu hhayi nje kuphela ukuqonda "imephu yokuphila" eMhlabeni kodwa futhi nokwenza izinqumo ezihlakaniphile ukuqinisekisa ukusimama kwezinsizakusebenza zezinto eziphilayo ezizukulwaneni ezizayo.
Uma ufisa, ngingangeza isigaba esikhethekile esithi “imibuzo eyisibonelo kanye nengxoxo nge-biogeography” (yemisebenzi yesikole) noma inguqulo yesayensi yesihloko egcwele izingcaphuno.
