Ukusungula Izinto Ezintsha Kumalungiselelo E-Transdermal
Ukulethwa kwe-transdermal kuyindlela yokulethwa kwemithi ngesikhumba ukuze kukhiqizwe imiphumela yendawo noma yesistimu. Uma kuqhathaniswa nezindlela zomlomo noma zokujova, ukulethwa kwe-transdermal kunikeza izinzuzo ezibalulekile: ukugwema imetabolism yokuqala esibindini, ukuthuthukisa ukuhambisana kwesiguli ngenxa yokulula kwaso, nokuvumela ukukhishwa kwemithi okuzinzile ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Kodwa-ke, isikhumba—ikakhulukazi i-stratum corneum—siyisivikelo sebhayoloji esisebenza kahle kakhulu. Inselele enkulu yobuchwepheshe be-transdermal ukuthi ungathuthukisa kanjani ukungena kwemithi ngaphandle kokubangela ukucasuka, ukulimala kwezicubu, noma ukuhlukahluka okukhulu kokumuncwa. Emashumini eminyaka amuva nje, ukusungula izinto ezintsha, ubunjiniyela bedivayisi, kanye nesayensi yokwenza izinto kuye kwaholela ekuthuthukisweni kwezinhlelo zokulethwa kwe-transdermal ukuba zibe yinkimbinkimbi futhi ziqondiswe kakhulu.
Imiqondo Eyisisekelo Nezinselele Zokuguquguquka Kwesikhumba
Isikhumba somuntu sakhiwe yi-epidermis, i-dermis, kanye nezicubu ezingaphansi kwesikhumba. I-stratum corneum—ungqimba olungaphandle lwe-epidermis—isebenza “njengodonga lwezitini” olwakhiwe ngama-corneocytes (izitini) kanye nama-lipid (usimende). Lesi sakhiwo sikhetha kakhulu: ama-molecule amancane, aphilizayo, nangenawo amashaja adlula esikhumbeni kalula kunama-molecule amakhulu, aphilizayo, noma ashaja. Ngakho-ke, akuwona wonke umuthi ofanele ukulethwa kwe-transdermal. Ezinye izinselele zifaka phakathi ukuhlukahluka komuntu ngamunye esimweni sesikhumba, imiphumela yokushisa nokujuluka, kanye nethuba lokusabela kokungezwani nezinto ezinamathelayo noma izinto ezithuthukisa ukungena.
Ukusungula izinto ezintsha ekulungiseleleni i-transdermal kugxile kakhulu ezicini ezimbili: (1) ukwandisa ikhono lemithi lokungena esikhumbeni, kanye (2) nokulawula ukukhishwa kwemithi ukuze ihambisane, iphephe futhi isebenze kahle.
Ukuvela Kwama-Transdermal Patches: Kusukela Ezizukulwaneni Zokuqala Kuya Kuzinhlelo Ezihlakaniphile
Ama-patches okuqala e-transdermal ngokuvamile ayehlanganisa izinhlelo zokugcina amanzi noma ama-matrix. Izinhlelo zokugcina amanzi zigcina umuthi "ephaketheni" eline-membrane elawulwa yisilinganiso, kuyilapho ama-patches e-matrix exuba umuthi ngaphakathi kwe-polymer bese ewukhulula ngokusabalala. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ukuthuthukiswa kwezinto ze-polymer kanye nezinamathiselo sekuyinto eza kuqala. Ama-adhesive asebenza umsebenzi okabili: ukunamathisela i-patch futhi ngezinye izikhathi asebenze njengendlela yokusabalalisa umuthi. Namuhla, ukusetshenziswa kwama-adhesive azwela ukucindezela (ama-PSA), azinzile kakhudlwana, angacasuli kakhulu, futhi ahambisana nemithi ehlukahlukene, sekuyinto ejwayelekile.
Ukuqamba okulandelayo ama-patches "ahlakaniphile" angagcini nje ngokunamathisela nokukhulula imithi kodwa futhi angaphendula ezimweni ezithile. Izibonelo zifaka phakathi imiklamo ecabangela izinguquko ekushiseni kwesikhumba noma i-pH ukuze kulungiswe izinga lokukhululwa. Nakuba kungezona zonke lezi eseziyimikhiqizo esakazekile, ukuthambekela kwezinhlelo ezenzelwe wena kuyabonakala kakhulu, ikakhulukazi ekwelashweni kwesikhathi eside.
Izithuthukisi Zokungena Eziphephile
Izithuthukisi zokungena ziyizithako ezandisa ukusabalala kwezidakamizwa nge-stratum corneum. Ngokwesiko, lezi zifaka phakathi ama-alcohols, ama-glycols, ama-terpenes, ama-fatty acid, noma ama-surfactants athile. Kodwa-ke, izithuthukisi eziningi ezivamile zinamandla okubangela ukucasuka, ukuzwela, noma ukoma uma zisetshenziswa ngokweqile. Ngakho-ke, izinto ezintsha zanamuhla zigxila ezithuthukisini ezinobungani nesikhumba futhi eziqondiswe kuzo.
Izindlela ezintsha zifaka phakathi ukusetshenziswa kwezinhlanganisela eziphansi zezithuthukisi zemiphumela yokusebenzisana, okususa isidingo sokugxila okuphezulu kwezithako ngazinye. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukukhethwa kwezithuthukisi ezenzeka ngokwemvelo (isb., ama-terpenes athile) kanye nokwenza ngcono isilinganiso sesigaba se-lipid-to-aqueous ngaphakathi kwamafomula kuyizindlela zokulinganisela ukusebenza kahle nokubekezeleleka.
Izinhlelo Zokuthwala Ezisekelwe Ku-Nanotechnology
I-nanotechnology iletha izinguquko ezibalulekile ekwakhiweni kwe-transdermal. Izinhlelo zokuthwala ezifana nama-liposome, ama-niosome, ama-transfersome, ama-ethosome, kanye nama-nanoparticles e-polymer ziyathuthukiswa ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukungena nokuqina kwemithi . Izindlela zazo ziyahlukahluka: ezinye “zithambisa” ama-lipid e-stratum corneum, ezinye zandisa ukuncibilika kwemithi, kanti ezinye zenza kube lula ukulethwa kancane kancane ezingqimbeni zesikhumba ezijulile.
Isibonelo, ama-Transfersome nama-ethosome aklanyelwe ukuba aguquguquke kakhudlwana ukuze akwazi ukungena emifantwini emincane ku-stratum corneum. Okwamanje, ama-nanoparticles e-lipid aqinile (i-SLN) kanye nama-nanostructured lipid carriers (i-NLC) anikeza ama-lipid matrices angavikela izidakamizwa ekuwohlokeni, anciphise ukucasuka, futhi anikeze ukukhululwa okulawulwayo. Lokhu kusungulwa kubalulekile emithini engancibiliki kahle, engazinzile ekushiseni, noma edinga ukulethwa okuqondiswe kakhulu.
Naphezu kwesithembiso sayo, izinselele nge-nanotechnology zifaka phakathi ukukhuliswa komkhiqizo, ukuhambisana kosayizi wezinhlayiya, ukuzinza ngesikhathi sokugcina, kanye nokuhlolwa kokuphepha kwesikhathi eside. Imithethonqubo idinga nobufakazi bokuthi ama-nanosystem awabangeli izingozi ezintsha zobuthi.
I-Microneedle: Ingena Esivimbelweni Sesikhumba Ngobuhlungu Obuncane
Ama-microneedles angenye yezinto ezintsha ezivelele ekulethweni kwe-transdermal. Lobu buchwepheshe busebenzisa ama-microneedles amancane kakhulu ukudala iziteshi zesikhashana ku-stratum corneum, okuvumela umuthi ukuthi ungene ngaphandle kobuhlungu obukhulu bokujova okuvamile. Ama-microneedles angaba aqinile (kwenziwa imbobo bese kufakwa umuthi), ambozwe (umuthi umboza inaliti), ambozwe (okufana nokujova okuncane), futhi ancibilike (inaliti iyancibilika futhi ikhiphe umuthi).
Inzuzo eyinhloko yama-microneedles ukuthi avula ithuba lokuletha ama-molecule amakhulu njenge-peptides, amaprotheni, noma imijovo, okwakunzima ngaphambili ukuyihambisa ngendlela ye-transdermal. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuncibilikisa ama-microneedles kunciphisa ingozi yemfucuza yama-sharps ngoba ama-nails akudingeki alahlwe njenge-sharps. Izinto ezintsha ezifana nama-polymers ahambisana ne-biocompatible kanye noshukela o-polymerized nazo zithuthukisa ukuphepha kanye nenduduzo.
Iontophoresis kanye neSonophoresis: Amandla Okucindezela Izidakamizwa
Enye indlela entsha ukusebenzisa amandla angokomzimba ukuthuthukisa ukungena. Iontophoresis isebenzisa ugesi obuthakathaka ukuhambisa ama-molecule ashajekile esikhumbeni. Le ndlela ifaneleka emithini eshajekile noma e-ionizable futhi inikeza ukulawula umthamo okunembile: izinga lokulethwa lingalungiswa ngokushintsha ugesi. I-Sonophoresis bese isebenzisa amagagasi e-ultrasound ukuphazamisa isakhiwo se-lipid se-stratum corneum, okwandisa ukungena kwamanzi.
Zombili lezi zobuchwepheshe zinamandla okusetshenziswa kumadivayisi agqokwayo, okwenza ukwelashwa kwasekhaya kube nokuqapha. Izinselele ezinkulu ukuqinisekisa ukuphepha kokusetshenziswa okuphindaphindiwe, ukuvimbela ukucasuka kokushisa, kanye nokugcina amadivayisi elula futhi engabizi.
Amafomula Amasha: Ijeli, Isifutho, kanye neFilimu Edlulisa Isikhumba
Ngaphandle kwama-patches, kunezinto ezintsha ezenzekayo nakwezinye izinhlobo zomthamo njenge-transdermal gels, ama-spray, kanye namafilimu amancane. Ama-transdermal gels enza kube lula ukusebenzisa ezindaweni ezinkulu futhi anganikeza umuzwa okhululekile, kodwa avame ukubhekana nenkinga yokuguquguquka komthamo uma engasetshenziswa njalo. Ama-transdermal spray anikeza ukusetshenziswa okusheshayo nokuhlanzekile, kuyilapho amafilimu amancane engaba yindlela eguquguqukayo kakhulu kune-patches ebanzi.
Kulesi simo, ubunjiniyela be-rheological (ukuqina), isikhathi sokoma, ikhono lokwenza ifilimu, kanye nokuhambisana kwesikhumba yizona zinto ezibaluleke kakhulu ekuthuthukisweni. Ifilimu enhle kumele ibe namandla kodwa inwebeke, imelane nokuxebuka, futhi ivumele isikhumba ukuthi "siphefumule" ukuvimbela ukubola.
Iziqondiso Zesikhathi Esizayo: Ukwenza Ngokwezifiso, Izinto Ezigqokwayo, kanye Nokuhlanganiswa Kwedijithali
Ikusasa lamafomu omthamo we-transdermal liya ekuhlanganisweni nobuchwepheshe bedijithali. Umqondo wama-patches agqokwayo angaqapha imingcele yomzimba (isb., izinga lokushisa kwesikhumba, ukujuluka, noma izimpawu ezithile) bese elungisa izinga lokukhishwa kwemithi uba yindawo ebalulekile yocwaningo. Ezigulini ezinezifo ezingamahlalakhona, lezi zinhlelo zinamandla okuthuthukisa ukulawulwa kokwelashwa nokunciphisa ingozi yokusetshenziswa ngokweqile noma ukusetshenziswa kancane.
Ukwenza kube ngokwakho nakho kuyathandwa: ukusebenzisa idatha yesiguli kanye nezici zesikhumba kungasiza ekukhetheni umthamo ofanele kakhulu, usayizi we-patch, noma ubuchwepheshe obuthuthukisa ukungena. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ukuhlanganisa ama-microneedles nezinzwa nezinhlelo zokulawula kungaholela "ekwelashweni okuvaliwe" okusondela emqondweni wokwelashwa okunembile.
Isiphetho
Ukusungula izinto ezintsha ezifomini zomthamo we-transdermal kuthuthuka ngokushesha, kuqhutshwa isidingo sezindlela zokwelapha ezilula, eziphephile, nezisebenzayo. Kusukela ezintweni zokuhlobisa ezithuthukisiwe kanye nezithuthukisi zokungena ezinobungani nesikhumba, kuya kubuchwepheshe be-nanotechnology, ama-microneedle, kanye nezindlela ezisekelwe emandleni njenge-iontophoresis, konke kwandisa uhla lwemithi engalethwa ngesikhumba. Izinselele zisekhona—kusukela ekuphepheni nasekuzinzeni kuya ekukhuleni nasekulawulweni—kodwa indlela yokuthuthukiswa ikhombisa amandla amakhulu. Ngokuhlanganiswa kwamadivayisi agqokwayo kanye nobuchwepheshe bedijithali, amafomu omthamo we-transdermal aba ngaphezu nje “kwama-patches ahlinzekwe ngemithi” kodwa amapulatifomu ezokwelapha esimanje aqondene nawe futhi avumelana nezimo.
