Izakhiwo Zomzimba Nezamakhemikhali Zama-Halogens
Ama-halogens ayiqembu lezinto ezitholakala kuQembu 17 (VIIA) lethebula lezinto eziphindaphindwayo. Leli qembu liqukethe i-fluorine (F), i-chlorine (Cl), i-bromine (Br), i-iodine (I), kanye ne-astatine (At). Aziwa ngokusebenza kwawo okuphezulu kanye nezakhiwo zawo zomzimba nezamakhemikhali ezihlukile. Ukuqonda lezi zakhiwo kubalulekile ekuqondeni ukuthi ama-halogens asebenzisana kanjani nezinye izinto kanye nendima yawo ezinqubweni ezahlukene zamakhemikhali.
Izakhiwo
Ukubukeka kanye neSigaba
Ama-halogens abonisa izinhlobo ezahlukene zezimo zomzimba ekushiseni kwegumbi:
– I-Fluorine: Igesi ephuzi ekhanyayo
– I-Chlorine: Igesi eluhlaza okotshani-ophuzi
– I-Bromine: Uketshezi olubomvu-onsundu
– I-Iodine: Okuqinile okunsundu ngokunsomi-mnyama
– I-Astatine: Isimo somzimba se-astatine asaziwa kakhulu ngenxa yokungatholakali kwayo kanye nokusebenza kwayo ngemisebe, kodwa ngokuvamile ibhekwa njenge-dark solid.
I-halogen ngayinye inombala ohlukile, oba namandla kakhulu njengoba wehla eqenjini. Lo mkhuba uwumphumela wokwanda kobukhulu bama-molecule kanye nobunzima.
Amaphuzu Ancibilikayo Nawabilisa
Ama-halogens abonisa amazinga okuncibilika nokubila akhuphukayo njengoba umuntu ehamba phansi eqenjini. Isibonelo:
– I-Fluorine: Iphuzu lokuncibilika = -220°C, Iphuzu lokubila = -188°C
– I-Chlorine: Iphuzu lokuncibilika = -101°C, Iphuzu lokubila = -34°C
– I-Bromine: Iphuzu lokuncibilika = -7.2°C, Iphuzu lokubila = 58.8°C
– I-Iodine: Iphuzu lokuncibilika = 113.7°C, Iphuzu lokubila = 184.3°C
– I-Astatine: Isilinganiso sokuncibilika ≈ 302°C, Isilinganiso sokubila ≈ 337°C
Lo mkhuba ubangelwa ukwanda kwamandla e-van der Waals njengoba usayizi we-athomu ukhula futhi inani lama-electron ku-molecule ngayinye likhula.
solubility
Ama-halogens ayahlukahluka ngokuncibilika kwawo emanzini nakwezinye izinyibilikisi:
– I-Fluorine ne-Chlorine: Incibilika ngokulingene emanzini, yakha ama-hydrohalic acid ngenxa yokusabela kwawo okuphezulu.
– I-Bromine: Incibilika kancane emanzini kodwa incibilika kakhulu ezinyibilikisini eziphilayo ezifana ne-carbon disulfide kanye ne-chloroform.
– I-Iodine: Ayincibiliki kahle emanzini, ngaphandle kokuba khona kwama-iodide noma utshwala, kodwa incibilika kakhulu ezinyibilikisini eziphilayo.
– I-Astatine: Idatha encane kakhulu etholakalayo, kodwa kulindeleke ukuthi ilandele izitayela ezifana ne-iodine.
Ubuningi
Ubuningi bama-halogen buyanda kusukela ku-fluorine kuya ku-astatine:
– I-Fluorine: 1.696 g/L (igesi)
– I-Chlorine: 3.214 g/L (igesi)
– I-bromine: 3.12 g/cm³ (uketshezi)
– I-Iodine: 4.933 g/cm³ (okuqinile)
– I-Astatine: Kulinganiselwa ≈ 7 g/cm³ (okuqinile)
Lokhu kwanda kobuningi kuhlobene nokwanda kwesisindo se-athomu kanye nosayizi wama-athomu.
Impahla yezolimo
Ukwenza kabusha
Ama-halogens asabela kakhulu, ikakhulukazi lawo alula (i-fluorine ne-chlorine). Ukuqina kwawo okuphezulu kwe-electronegativity kanye nokuba khona kwama-electron ayisikhombisa e-valence kuwenza abe nesifiso sokuthola i-electron eyodwa ukuze afinyelele ukwakheka kwegesi okuzinzile.
– I-Fluorine: Isici esisabela kakhulu nesingenamandla kagesi. Sakha ama-compound cishe nazo zonke izakhi, ngokuvamile ngendlela eqhumayo. I-Fluorine ingakhipha ngisho namagesi amahle njenge-xenon.
– I-Chlorine: Ayisebenzi kakhulu kune-fluorine kodwa isasebenza kakhulu. Yakha kalula ama-chloride anezinsimbi futhi ingakhipha i-chlorine kuma-hydrocarbon.
– I-Bromine: Isabela kahle ngokulinganisela, isetshenziswa ekuhlanganisweni kwamakhemikhali e-organic aqukethe i-bromine.
– I-Iodine: Ayisebenzi kahle phakathi kwama-halogens amane azinzile. Isabela kancane kwezinye izinsimbi futhi ivame ukusetshenziswa njenge-oxidizing agent emnene.
– I-Astatine: Ngenxa ye-radioactivity yayo kanye nokuphila kwayo okufushane, i-reactivity yayo ayifundwanga kahle, kodwa kucatshangwa ukuthi ayisebenzi kakhulu kuma-halogen.
I-Electronegativity
Ama-halogens ane-electronegativities ephezulu, enciphayo njengoba wehla eqenjini:
– I-Fluorine: 3.98
– I-Chlorine: 3.16
– I-Bromine: 2.96
– Iodine: 2.66
– I-Astatine: Kulinganiselwa cishe ku-2.2
Lokhu ku-electronegativity okuphezulu kusho ukuthi ama-halogen adonsela ama-electron ngamandla kuwo, okwenza abe ama-oxidizing agents anamandla.
Amandla Okufaka I-Oxidizing
Ama-halogens ayizinto eziqinisa i-oxidizing, kanti i-fluorine iyona enamandla kakhulu. Amandla awo okuqinisa i-oxidizing ayancipha eqenjini:
– I-Fluorine: Ingaxuba amanzi, ikhiphe umoya-mpilo kanye ne-hydrogen fluoride.
– I-Chlorine: Ingaxuba i-hydrogen ibe yi-hydrogen chloride futhi isetshenziswa ku-bleach.
– I-Bromine: I-oxidize izinhlobo eziningi zezinto eziphilayo nezingaphili kodwa ayinamandla kangako.
– I-Iodine: I-oxidizer ebuthakathaka, esetshenziswa ekulinganisweni kwe-iodometric.
– I-Astatine: Cishe iyi-oxidizing ebuthakathaka kakhulu ngenxa yemvelo yayo ye-semi-metallic noma ye-metallic.
Ukwakheka Okuhlanganisiwe
Ama-halogens akha izinhlobo ezahlukene zamakhemikhali, okuhlanganisa:
– I-Halides: Izakhi ezimbili ezinezinsimbi noma i-hydrogen. Isibonelo, i-sodium chloride (NaCl), i-hydrogen fluoride (HF).
– Ama-Interhalogen Compounds: Ama-compounds aphakathi kwama-halogen ahlukene, njenge-iodine pentafluoride (IF5).
– Ama-Organohalogen: Ama-organic compounds lapho i-athomu eyodwa noma ngaphezulu ye-hydrogen ithathelwa indawo ama-athomu e-halogen, njenge-chlorofluorocarbons (ama-CFC) kanye ne-halogenated anesthetics.
– Ama-Polyhalides: Ama-compound aqukethe ama-athomu angaphezu kweyodwa e-halogen nge-molecule ngayinye, njenge-iodine trichloride (ICl3).
Ama-asidi e-hydrohalic
Ama-halogens akha ama-hydrogen halide lapho esabela ne-hydrogen. Lawa ma-hydrogen halide ancibilika emanzini ukuze akhe ama-hydrohalic acid:
– I-Hydrofluoric Acid (HF): I-asidi ebuthakathaka uma iqhathaniswa nezinye, inekhono eliyingqayizivele lokuncibilikisa ingilazi ngenxa yokusabela kwayo ne-silicon dioxide.
– I-Hydrochloric Acid (HCl): I-asidi enamandla, esetshenziswa kabanzi embonini nasema-laboratory.
– I-Hydrobromic Acid (HBr): I-asidi enamandla, esetshenziswa ekwakhiweni kwezinto eziphilayo.
– I-Hydroiodic Acid (HI): I-asidi enamandla, esetshenziswa futhi njenge-ejenti yokunciphisa.
Umsebenzi Wezinto Eziphilayo Nobuthi
Ama-halogens abalulekile kodwa angaba yingozi:
– I-Fluorine: Izinsalela ziwusizo empilweni yamazinyo, kodwa ukuchayeka ngokweqile kungaholela ku-fluorosis.
– I-Chlorine: Ibalulekile ekusebenzeni kwe-metabolism yansuku zonke ngesimo sama-ion e-chloride, kodwa igesi ye-chlorine inobuthi futhi iyagqwala.
– I-Bromine: Ama-compounds asetshenziswa njengemithi yokudambisa ubuhlungu kanye nemithi yokunciphisa ilangabi, kodwa umhwamuko we-bromine ungacasula amehlo nomphimbo.
– I-Iodine: Ibalulekile ekusebenzeni kwe-thyroid, ivimbela i-goiter. Ukuntuleka kwayo kungaholela ezinkingeni ze-thyroid.
– I-Astatine: Indima encane yezinto eziphilayo ngenxa
