Ukusetshenziswa Kwamakhemikhali Angaphili
Amakhemikhali angaphili, aqukethe izinto eziningi ezahlukahlukene zamakhemikhali, adlala indima ebalulekile ezicini eziningi zesayensi yanamuhla, imboni, kanye nokuphila kwansuku zonke. Ngokungafani namakhemikhali angaphili aqukethe ngokuyinhloko izibopho ze-carbon-hydrogen, amakhemikhali angaphili ahlanganisa izinsimbi, usawoti, ama-acid, izisekelo, namaminerali. Izakhiwo zawo ezihlukile zivumela ukusetshenziswa emikhakheni ehlukahlukene, okwenza kube yinto ebalulekile ezweni lanamuhla. Lesi sihloko sihlola ukusetshenziswa okunezinhlangothi eziningi kwamakhemikhali angaphili, siqokomisa ukubaluleka kwawo embonini, kwezempilo, kwezolimo, kanye nasebuchwephesheni.
Izicelo zezezimboni
1. Ama-Catalyst ekukhiqizeni amakhemikhali
Enye yezindima ezibaluleke kakhulu zamakhemikhali angaphili itholakala ekusetshenzisweni kwawo njengezinto ezibangela ukuguga ezinqubweni zokukhiqiza amakhemikhali. Izinto ezifana ne-titanium tetrachloride (TiCl₄) kanye ne-vanadium pentoxide (V₂O₅) zisetshenziswa kakhulu ekukhiqizweni kwama-polymers namanye amakhemikhali abalulekile. Isibonelo, i-vanadium pentoxide isebenza njengezinto ezibangela ukuguga ekukhiqizweni kwe-sulfuric acid, into ebalulekile ekwakhiweni komanyolo, izinto eziqhumayo, kanye nezinye izinto ezibangela ukuguga.
2. Izinto zokwakha kanye Nokwakha
Amakhemikhali angaphili abalulekile ekukhiqizweni kwezinto ezisetshenziswa ekwakheni nasekukhiqizeni. I-calcium carbonate (CaCO₃), isibonelo, iyisithako esiyinhloko ku-samente kanye ne-lime, izinto ezibalulekile embonini yokwakha. I-Silica (SiO₂) ingenye inhlanganisela ebalulekile engaphili esetshenziswa ekukhiqizweni kwengilazi, izinto zobumba, nezinto ezisekelwe ku-silicon. Lezi zinto zakha umgogodla wokuthuthukiswa kwengqalasizinda emhlabeni jikelele.
3. Ukukhishwa Nokucubungula Insimbi
Ukukhishwa nokucutshungulwa kwezinsimbi kuvame ukuncika kumakhemikhali angaphili. Isibonelo, i-sodium cyanide (NaCN) isetshenziswa ekukhishweni kwegolide ngenqubo eyaziwa ngokuthi i-cyanidation. Ngokufanayo, i-aluminium ikhishwa ensimbini yayo, i-bauxite, kusetshenziswa i-sodium hydroxide (NaOH) enqubweni ye-Bayer. Amandla ala makhemikhali okwenza kube lula ukukhishwa kwensimbi abe yitshe lesisekelo lesayensi yesimanje yezinsimbi kanye nezinto zokwakha.
Ukunakekelwa Kwezempilo Nemithi
4. Ama-ejenti Okuxilonga Nokwelapha
Amakhemikhali angaphili ashintshe kakhulu umkhakha wezempilo ngokusebenzisa ukusetshenziswa kwawo njengezinto zokuxilonga nokwelapha. I-Barium sulfate (BaSO₄) iyi-ejenti yokuhlukanisa esetshenziswa ekuthathweni kwezithombe zezokwelapha ukuthuthukisa ukubonakala kwendlela yokugaya ukudla. I-iodine enomsebe (I-131) isetshenziswa ekwelapheni izifo ze-thyroid, ikhombisa amandla okwelapha amakhemikhali angaphili. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-nitrate yesiliva (AgNO₃) isetshenziswa emithini yokwelapha ukuvimbela ukutheleleka ngamagciwane emanxebeni nasekushiseni.
5. Ezemithi
Amakhemikhali angaphili ayingxenye ebalulekile ekwakhiweni kwemithi ehlukahlukene. Isibonelo, amakhemikhali alwa ne-acid avame ukufaka amakhemikhali afana ne-magnesium hydroxide (Mg(OH)₂) kanye ne-aluminium hydroxide (Al(OH)₃) ukuze kuncishiswe i-asidi yesisu futhi kuncishiswe izimpawu zesilungulela. Ngaphezu kwalokho, usawoti ongaphili njenge-zinc sulfate (ZnSO₄) usetshenziswa ezithasiselweni zokudla okunempilo ukubhekana nokuntuleka kwamaminerali.
Ezolimo
6. Izivundisi
Ukukhiqiza kwezolimo kuthuthukiswe kakhulu ngokusebenzisa umanyolo wezinto ezingaphili. Izinhlanganisela ezifana ne-ammonium nitrate (NH₄NO₃), i-potassium sulfate (K₂SO₄), kanye ne-superphosphate (Ca(H₂PO₄)₂) zinikeza izakhamzimba ezibalulekile ezitshalweni, zikhuthaza ukukhula futhi zandise isivuno sezitshalo. Lawa manyolo agcwalisa inhlabathi nge-nitrogen, i-phosphorus, kanye ne-potassium, izakhamzimba ezibalulekile ezidingekayo ekuthuthukisweni kwezitshalo.
7. Izibulala-zinambuzane nezibulala-zinambuzane
Amakhemikhali angaphili asetshenziswa futhi ekwakhiweni kwezibulala-zinambuzane kanye nemithi yokubulala ukhula ukuvikela izitshalo ezinambuzaneni kanye nokhula. I-Copper sulfate (CuSO₄) isebenza njengesibulala-zinambuzane ukuvimbela ukutheleleka ngefungus ezitshalweni, kanti i-sodium chlorate (NaClO₃) iyimithi yokubulala ukhula evamile esetshenziselwa ukulawula izimila ezingafuneki. Ukusetshenziswa kwala makhemikhali kusiza ekuqinisekiseni ukuvikeleka kokudla ngokunciphisa ukulahleka kwezitshalo.
Ubuchwepheshe kanye ne-Electronics
8. Ama-semiconductor kanye nama-elekthronikhi
Umkhakha wobuchwepheshe kanye ne-elekthronikhi uthembele kakhulu kumakhemikhali angaphili. I-Silicon dioxide (SiO₂), ngesimo sayo esimsulwa, iyisisekelo sobuchwepheshe be-semiconductor, esibalulekile ekukhiqizweni kwamadivayisi kagesi afana namakhompyutha, ama-smartphone, namaseli elanga. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amakhemikhali afana ne-indium tin oxide (ITO) asetshenziswa ekukhiqizweni kwezimbozo ezibonisa ukukhanya ezibonakalayo zama-touchscreen kanye nama-liquid crystal displays (LCDs).
9. Amabhethri kanye Nokugcina Amandla
Ama-compound angaphili abalulekile ekuthuthukisweni kwamadivayisi okugcina amandla, ikakhulukazi amabhethri. Amabhethri e-lithium-ion, asetshenziswa kabanzi kumadivayisi kagesi aphathwayo nasezimotweni zikagesi, asebenzisa i-lithium cobalt oxide (LiCoO₂) njengezinto ze-cathode. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amabhethri e-nickel-cadmium (NiCd) kanye ne-nickel-metal hydride (NiMH) asebenzisa ama-compound e-nickel ne-cadmium ukugcina nokuletha amandla kagesi ngendlela efanele.
Izicelo Zemvelo
10. Ukwelashwa Kwamanzi
Ukuqinisekisa ukufinyelela emanzini okuphuza ahlanzekile naphephile kuyinto eza kuqala emhlabeni wonke, futhi amakhemikhali angaphili adlala indima ebalulekile ezinqubweni zokwelashwa kwamanzi. I-Chlorine (Cl₂) kanye ne-chlorine dioxide (ClO₂) kusetshenziswa njengezibulala-magciwane ukuqeda amagciwane ayingozi emanzini. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amakhemikhali afana ne-aluminium sulfate (Al₂(SO₄)₃) kanye ne-ferric chloride (FeCl₃) asetshenziswa ezinqubweni zokubopha kanye nokuxubana ukuze kususwe izinto eziqinile ezimisiwe kanye nokungcola emanzini.
11. Ukulawulwa Kokungcola
Amakhemikhali angaphili asiza ekulawuleni ukungcola kanye nokulungisa imvelo. I-activated carbon (uhlobo lwekhabhoni olunendawo ephezulu) isetshenziselwa ukumunca ukungcola kanye nobuthi obuvela emoyeni nasemanzini, ukunciphisa ukungcola kwemvelo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amakhemikhali afana ne-lime (CaO) kanye ne-limestone (CaCO₃) asetshenziswa ezinqubweni zokususa i-flue-gas ukuze kuncishiswe ukukhishwa kwe-sulfur dioxide emithonjeni yezimboni, kuncishiswe ukwakheka kwemvula ye-acid.
Ukusetshenziswa Kwansuku zonke
12. Imikhiqizo Yasendlini
Imikhiqizo eminingi yasekhaya ifaka amakhemikhali angaphili ukuze ihlanze, ilondoloze, futhi isuse iphunga. I-Sodium bicarbonate (i-baking soda, i-NaHCO₃) isetshenziswa kabanzi njenge-ejenti yokubilisa ekubhakeni kanye nesihlanzi esithambile. I-Borax (i-sodium borate, i-Na₂B₄O₇) isebenza njengesithako sezingubo, isibulali-magciwane, kanye nesibulala-zinambuzane. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-calcium hypochlorite (i-Ca(ClO)₂) iyi-ejenti evamile yokubilisa esetshenziswa ku-bleach ye-chlorine yasekhaya.
13. Ukunakekelwa Komuntu Siqu
Amakhemikhali angaphili avame kakhulu emikhiqizweni yokunakekelwa komuntu siqu. I-Titanium dioxide (TiO₂) kanye ne-zinc oxide (ZnO) ziyizithako ezibalulekile kuma-sunscreen, okunikeza ukuvikelwa okubanzi emisebeni ye-ultraviolet. I-Alum (i-potassium aluminium sulfate, i-KAl(SO₄)₂) isetshenziswa njengesithako esiqeda ukujuluka emikhiqizweni yokuhlanza ngemuva kokushefa, okubonisa ukuguquguquka kwala makhemikhali emikhubeni yokuhlanzeka yansuku zonke.
Isiphetho
Amakhemikhali angaphili, anezimpawu zawo zamakhemikhali ezahlukahlukene, ayaqhubeka nokubumba izici ezahlukahlukene zokuphila kwabantu kanye nezimboni. Ukusetshenziswa kwawo kuhlanganisa imikhakha ehlukene, okuhlanganisa ukukhiqiza kwezimboni, ukunakekelwa kwempilo, ezolimo, ubuchwepheshe, kanye nokuphathwa kwemvelo. Njengoba ukuqonda kwethu la makhemikhali kujula futhi ukusetshenziswa kwawo kukhula, ikusasa lithembisa ukusetshenziswa okusha kakhulu, okuqinisekisa isimo esibalulekile sekhemistri engaphili ekuthuthukiseni impucuko yabantu.
