Indima Yekhemistri Emvelweni
I-Chemistry, ucwaningo lwesayensi lwezakhiwo, ukwakheka, kanye nokuziphatha kwezinto, idlala indima ebalulekile ekuqondeni nasekubhekaneni nezinkinga ezahlukahlukene zemvelo. Imvelo - ehlanganisa umoya esiwuphefumulayo, amanzi esiwaphuzayo, kanye nomhlabathi esitshala kuwo ukudla kwethu - iyisimiso esiyinkimbinkimbi esithonywa kakhulu yizinqubo zamakhemikhali. Kusukela ekusebenzisaneni kwama-molecule ekusabeleni komoya kuya ekuwohlokeni kokungcola enhlabathini nasemanzini, i-chemistry inikeza amathuluzi nolwazi lokuqonda nokuphatha impilo yemvelo.
I-Atmospheric Chemistry: Ukuqonda Nokunciphisa Ukungcoliswa Komoya
Enye yezindima ezibonakala kakhulu zekhemistri emvelweni iwukufunda izinqubo zomkhathi kanye nokungcola. Ikhemistri yesimo sezulu ihlola ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali komkhathi woMhlaba kanye nokusabela okwenzeka ngaphakathi kwawo. Lo mkhakha ubalulekile ekuqondeni nasekubhekaneni nokungcoliswa komoya, ochwepheshe begxile ekungcoleni okufana ne-carbon monoxide, i-sulfur dioxide, i-nitrogen oxides, kanye nama-volatible organic compounds.
Izinto ezingcolisayo zivela emithonjeni eyahlukahlukene, okuhlanganisa ukukhishwa kwezimboni, ukukhishwa kwezimoto, kanye nezenzakalo zemvelo ezifana nemililo yasendle kanye nokuqhuma kwezintaba-mlilo. Ngokusebenzisa ukusabela kwamakhemikhali okubangelwa ukukhanya kwelanga nezinye izimo zomkhathi, lezi zinto ezingcolisayo zingaguquka zibe izinto ezingcolisayo zesibili, njenge-ozone kanye nezinto ezincane, ezinemiphumela ebalulekile empilweni nakwezemvelo.
Osokhemisi bathuthukisa ubuchwepheshe namasu okunciphisa ukungcola komoya. Isibonelo, abaguquli be-catalytic ezimotweni banciphisa ukukhishwa kwamagesi ayingozi, kuyilapho ochwepheshe be-scrub ezitshalweni zezimboni bengakwazi ukubamba i-sulfur dioxide ngaphambi kokuba ikhishwe emkhathini. Ngaphezu kwalokho, osokhemisi basemkhathini basebenza ekubumbeni nasekubikezeleni amaphethini okungcola, besiza abenzi bezinqubomgomo ekudaleni imithetho ephumelelayo yokuvikela ikhwalithi yomoya.
I-Chemistry Yamanzi: Ukuqinisekisa Amanzi Ahlanzekile Naphephile
Amanzi ayimithombo ebalulekile, futhi ukuqonda ikhemikhali yawo kubalulekile ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ahlala ehlanzekile futhi ephephile ukusetshenziswa nokusetshenziswa. Ikhemikhali yamanzi ihlola izingxenye zamanzi kanye nezinqubo zamakhemikhali ezithinta ikhwalithi yawo. Izinto ezingcolisayo njengezinsimbi ezisindayo, amakhemikhali ezinto eziphilayo, kanye namagciwane zingonakalisa ikhwalithi yamanzi, okwenza angaphephile empilweni yabantu kanye nemvelo.
Osokhemisi badlala indima ebalulekile ezinqubweni zokwelashwa kwamanzi, besungula izindlela zokususa noma zokunciphisa ukungcola. Amasu anjengokujiya, ukuhlunga, kanye nokubulala amagciwane (ngokuvamile kusetshenziswa i-chlorine noma i-ozone) asekelwe ezimisweni zamakhemikhali. Izindlela ezithuthukisiwe ezifana ne-reverse osmosis kanye nokushintshana kwama-ion zincike kakhulu ekuqondeni ukusebenzisana kwamakhemikhali.
Ngaphezu kokwelapha amanzi okuphuza, osokhemisi bahilelekile ekwelapheni amanzi angcolile, beguqula amanzi angcolile kusukela ezinqubweni zezimboni kanye nendle abe uhlobo olungabuyiselwa ngokuphephile emvelweni noma lusetshenziswe kabusha. Ukuqonda isidingo se-oxygen (BOD) samakhemikhali kanye nesidingo se-oxygen (COD) samanzi angcolile kubalulekile ekunqumeni izinga lokwelashwa elidingekayo.
I-Chemistry Yomhlabathi: Ukugcina Ukuvunda Nokuphathwa Kokungcola
I-chemistry yomhlabathi igxile ekwakhiweni kwamakhemikhali kanye nezakhiwo zenhlabathi, idlala indima ebalulekile kwezolimo, impilo yemvelo, kanye nokuphathwa kokungcola. Inhlabathi iqukethe ingxube eyinkimbinkimbi yamaminerali, izinto eziphilayo, amanzi, namanzi, kanti ingxenye ngayinye ithonya ukusebenzisana kwayo kwamakhemikhali kanye nokuziphatha.
Ukugcina inhlabathi ivundile kubalulekile kwezolimo eziqhubekayo. Osokhemisi bafunda ukutholakala kwezakhamzimba ezibalulekile njenge-nitrogen, i-phosphorus, ne-potassium, ezidingwa yizitshalo ukuze zikhule. Ukuqonda amafomu amakhemikhali kanye nokuguqulwa kwalezi zakhamzimba kusiza ekwakheni umanyolo osebenzayo kanye nokuguqulwa kwenhlabathi.
I-chemistry yenhlabathi nayo ibalulekile ekuphatheni ukungcoliswa kwenhlabathi, okungavela emisebenzini yezimboni, emikhubeni yezolimo, noma ukuchitheka ngengozi. Izinto ezingcolisayo ezifana nezinsimbi ezisindayo, izibulala-zinambuzane, kanye nama-hydrocarbon kaphethiloli zingaba yingozi enkulu empilweni yabantu kanye nasemvelweni. Osokhemisi bahlaziya amasampula enhlabathi ukuze bathole futhi balinganise izinto ezingcolisayo, befunda ukuhamba kwazo, ukutholakala kwazo, kanye nokusebenzisana kwazo nezingxenye zenhlabathi.
Amasu okulungisa, njengokuvimbela amakhemikhali, ukuvuselela izitshalo, kanye nokulungisa izitshalo, athuthukiswe ukuphatha nokunciphisa ukungcola kwenhlabathi. Lezi zindlela zivame ukuthembela ezimisweni zamakhemikhali ukuguqula ukungcola kube izinhlobo ezingenabo ubuthi noma ukuthuthukisa ukuwohloka kwazo yizinto eziphilayo.
I-Green Chemistry: Izixazululo Ezisimeme Zezinselele Zemvelo
I-green chemistry, eyaziwa nangokuthi i-sustainable chemistry, ihlose ukuklama imikhiqizo nezinqubo ezinciphisa umthelela emvelweni futhi zithuthukise ukusebenza kahle. Le ndlela igcizelela ukusetshenziswa kwezinsiza ezivuselelekayo, ukusebenza kahle kwamandla, kanye nokunciphisa izinto eziyingozi ezinqubweni zamakhemikhali.
Izimiso eziyinhloko ze-chemistry eluhlaza zifaka phakathi ukuvimbela imfucuza, ukusetshenziswa kwezinyibilikisi eziphephile kanye nama-reagent, kanye nokwakhiwa kwamakhemikhali nezinqubo eziwohloka zibe imikhiqizo engenangozi. Ngokusebenzisa lezi zimiso, osokhemisi bangasungula izinto ezintsha ezimbonini ezahlukahlukene, kusukela kwezemithi kuya kwisayensi yezinto zokwakha, okunikela ekusaseni elihlala isikhathi eside.
Isibonelo, ukuthuthukiswa kwamapulasitiki abolayo kubhekana nezinkinga zemvelo ezihlotshaniswa namapulasitiki endabuko asekelwe kuphethiloli. Ngokusebenzisa i-chemistry eluhlaza, lezi zinto ezintsha zingaklanywa ukuze zonakale ngokushesha nangokuphephile emvelweni, kuncishiswe umthwalo wokungcola kwepulasitiki.
Igalelo Lekhemistri Ekunciphiseni Ukushintsha Kwesimo Sezulu
Osokhemisi bahamba phambili ocwaningweni nasekusunguleni izinto ezintsha okuhloswe ngazo ukunciphisa ukuguquka kwesimo sezulu. Ukuqonda ikhemikhali yamagesi okushisa, njenge-carbon dioxide ne-methane, kubalulekile ekuthuthukiseni amasu okunciphisa amazinga awo omoya.
Ubuchwepheshe bokubamba nokugcina ikhabhoni (CCS) buyisibonelo esisodwa lapho ikhemistri idlala indima ebalulekile. Lobu buchwepheshe buhlose ukubamba ukukhishwa kwekhabhoni diokside emithonjeni yezimboni bese bukugcina ngaphansi komhlaba ezindaweni ezizungezile, buvimbele ukukhishwa kwayo emkhathini.
Osokhemisi nabo bahilelekile ekuthuthukiseni imithombo yamandla ehlukile kanye nezinhlelo zokugcina amandla. Intuthuko kwezekhemikhali yebhethri, isibonelo, isekela ukushintshela emandleni avuselelekayo ngokwenza kube lula ukugcina nokusebenzisa amandla avela emithonjeni efana nelanga nomoya.
Isiphetho
Indima yekhemistri emvelweni inkulu futhi inezici eziningi, ithinta ikhwalithi yomoya, impilo yamanzi nomhlabathi, imikhuba eqhubekayo, kanye nokunciphisa ukuguquka kwesimo sezulu. Ngokutadisha izinqubo zamakhemikhali kanye nokusebenzisana, osokhemisi banikeza ukuqonda okubalulekile kanye nezixazululo zezinselelo zemvelo. Umsebenzi wabo awugcini nje ngokuthuthukisa ukuqonda kwethu umhlaba wemvelo kodwa futhi uqhubekisela phambili ukusungula izinto ezintsha ukuze kube neplanethi esimeme futhi enempilo. Njengoba siqhubeka nokubhekana nezinkinga zemvelo eziyinkimbinkimbi, ukuhlanganiswa kwekhemistri nesayensi yezemvelo kanye nenqubomgomo kuzohlala kubalulekile.
