Umlando Wokuthuthukiswa Kwe-Organic Chemistry
I-organic chemistry imi njengenye yamagatsha esayensi anamandla futhi ayinkimbinkimbi kakhulu, exhumanisa izici eziningi zokuphila kwethu kwansuku zonke, kusukela ekudleni esikudlayo kuya emithini esigcina siphilile. Intuthuko ye-organic chemistry iyindaba ende ehlanganiswe nesithakazelo, inhlanhla, kanye nokuphishekela isayensi okungapheli. Lesi sihloko silandelela izigaba zomlando ezakha le nsimu ebalulekile ye-chemistry, okuholela ekuqondeni okuyinkimbinkimbi esinakho namuhla.
Imibono Nokutholwa Kwakuqala
Indaba ye-organic chemistry iqala endulo lapho imiphakathi yokuqala efana neyaseGibhithe neyaseBhabhiloni yayisebenzisa amakhemikhali e-organic avela emithonjeni yemvelo. Babesebenzisa izingcezu zezitshalo namafutha ezilwane kudayi, imithi, kanye nezimonyo, yize bengaqondi izimiso eziyisisekelo.
Sekungamakhulu eminyaka, kwakuyinkolelo esakazekile ukuthi amakhemikhali e-organic ahluke kakhulu kwalawo angaphili, alawulwa “amandla abalulekile.” Le nkolelo-mbono ye-vitalism yaphakamisa ukuthi izinto eziphilayo zingakhiqizwa kuphela yizinto eziphilayo. Le mfundiso yaqala ukuwohloka ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-18 ngomsebenzi wokuqala wekhemistri waseSweden uCarl Wilhelm Scheele, owahlukanisa ama-acid amaningana e-organic njenge-tartaric ne-citric acid, okubonisa ukuthi kungenzeka ukukhipha izinto zamakhemikhali ezichazwe ezintweni eziphilayo.
Ukuphela Kwe-Vitalism
Umzuzu obalulekile ekuthuthukisweni kwe-organic chemistry kwaba ukuhlanganiswa kwe-urea nguFriedrich Wöhler ngo-1828. UWöhler, owayesebenza eJalimane, wakwazi ukudala i-urea (i-organic compound) kusuka ku-ammonium cyanate (i-inorganic compound). Lokhu kuhlola kwaphikisa inkolelo-mbono ye-vitalism ngokubonisa ukuthi amakhemikhali e-organic angakhiwa kusuka kuma-inorganic precursors elabhorethri. Umsebenzi kaWöhler wavula indlela yokwamukelwa komqondo wokuthi i-organic chemistry ingaqondwa futhi ilawulwe njenge-inorganic chemistry.
Ithiyori Yokuhlela Nokwakha
Maphakathi nekhulu le-19, kwenziwa intuthuko enkulu ekuchazeni izakhiwo zamakhemikhali ezinto eziphilayo. U-August Kekulé, u-Archibald Scott Couper, no-Aleksandr Butlerov banikela ngokuzimela embonweni wesakhiwo, bephakamisa ukuthi ama-athomu ekhabhoni angahlangana komunye nomunye akhe amaketanga namasongo, okwaholela ezakhiweni eziyinkimbinkimbi. Iphupho likaKekulé lesakhiwo sendandatho ye-benzene ngo-1865 lalibaluleke kakhulu, lakha isisekelo sekhemistri ye-aromatic.
Lesi sikhathi sabona nokuvela komqondo wamaqembu asebenzayo, ukuqoqwa kwama-athomu ngaphakathi kwama-molecule anikeza izakhiwo ezithile zamakhemikhali. Ukuhlanganiswa kukaHermann Kolbe kwe-acetic acid kusuka ku-carbon disulfide kwagcizelela kakhulu ukubikezelwa kwe-synthetic organic chemistry, okuphawula ukuzalwa kokuhlanganiswa kwezinto eziphilayo.
Inguquko Yezimboni kanye Nemboni Yokudaya
I-Industrial Revolution yakhuthaza ukusetshenziswa kwe-organic chemistry kwezentengiselwano. Ukwenziwa ngengozi kukaWilliam Henry Perkin kwe-mauveine ngo-1856 kusuka kuma-coal tar derivatives kwaphawula ukuqala kwemboni yodayi wokwenziwa. Impumelelo yezentengiselwano yamadayi wokwenziwa njenge-mauveine, kanye ne-aniline black kamuva ne-indigo, yagcizelela amandla ezomnotho ama-organic compounds akhiwe. Lesi sikhathi sabeka isisekelo semboni yamakhemikhali yesimanje.
Ukwenziwa Komkhiqizo Wemvelo kanye Nokuzalwa Kwe-Biochemistry
Ekupheleni kwekhulu le-19 nasekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20 kwaphawulwa ukuhlanganiswa kanye nokucaciswa kwesakhiwo kwemikhiqizo yemvelo, amakhemikhali emvelo avela ngokwemvelo anezakhiwo eziyinkimbinkimbi kanye nomsebenzi obalulekile wezinto eziphilayo. Osokhemisi abanjengo-Adolf von Baeyer, owasungula i-indigo, no-Emil Fischer, owachaza izakhiwo zikashukela nama-purines, benza iminikelo yokuqala.
Umsebenzi kaFischer mayelana nokusebenzisana kwama-enzyme ne-substrate wabeka izisekelo ze-biochemistry, insimu ehlanganisa i-organic chemistry kanye ne-biology. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, umsebenzi kaRichard Willstätter kuma-pigment ezitshalo kanye nezifundo zikaHeinrich Wieland kuma-bile acids zahlanganisa i-organic chemistry kanye ne-physiology.
Ukuvela Kwe-Polymer Chemistry
Ikhulu lama-20 labona ukutholakala okukhulu kwe-polymer chemistry, okusekelwe ngokuyinhloko ku-organic chemistry. I-macromolecule hypothesis kaHermann Staudinger ngawo-1920 yathi ama-polymer ayeyizintambo ezinde zamayunithi aphindaphindayo, ephikisana nenkolelo-mbono yokuhlanganiswa kwe-colloidal eyayamukelwa ngaleso sikhathi. Ukuthuthukiswa okulandelayo kwama-polymer okwenziwa njenge-nylon, i-polyethylene, ne-polyester kwaguqula isayensi yezinto zokwakha kanye nokuphila kwansuku zonke.
Ikhemistri Yezokwelapha kanye Nezemithi
Indima ye-organic chemistry ekutholakaleni kwemithi kanye nentuthuko esheshayo phakathi nekhulu lama-20. Impumelelo ephawulekayo ifaka phakathi ukwenziwa kwe-aspirin, ukucaciswa kwesakhiwo se-penicillin, kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwama-chemotherapeutic agents amaningi. Ukuhlanganiswa kwamasu okwenziwa kwe-organic kanye nokuqonda izinqubo zezinto eziphilayo kuholele ekutholakaleni kwemithi eminingi esindisa impilo.
Isikhathi Se-Chemistry Yesimanje Yezinto Eziphilayo
I-organic chemistry yesimanje ibonakala ngentuthuko kumasu okuhlaziya kanye nezindlela zokubala. Ukuthuthukiswa kwezindlela ezifana ne-nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, i-mass spectrometry (MS), kanye ne-X-ray crystallography maphakathi nekhulu lama-20 kwashintsha ukuhlonza kanye nokunqunywa kwesakhiwo samakhemikhali e-organic. Intuthuko efanayo ku-computational chemistry kanye ne-molecular modeling manje ivumela ukubikezela ukuziphatha kwama-molecule kanye nokusabela kwawo, okuvula imibono emisha ekwakhiweni kwezidakamizwa kanye nesayensi yezinto zokwakha.
I-Green Chemistry kanye Nokusimama
Namuhla, ukugxila sekushintshele kumakhemikhali aluhlaza kanye nemikhuba eqhubekayo. Lo mbono oguqukayo ugcizelela ukuklama imikhiqizo yamakhemikhali kanye nezinqubo ezinciphisa noma eziqeda ukusetshenziswa kanye nokukhiqizwa kwezinto eziyingozi. Ososayensi bamakhemikhali bezinto eziphilayo bahamba phambili ekuthuthukiseni izinyibilikisi ezinobungani nemvelo, ama-catalyst, kanye nemizila yokwenziwa eyonga amandla, bebhekana nezinselele zomhlaba wonke njengokushintsha kwesimo sezulu kanye nokuncipha kwezinsizakusebenza.
Isiphetho
Ukuthuthukiswa kwe-organic chemistry kuwubufakazi bobuhlakani bomuntu kanye nelukuluku elingapheli. Kusukela emikhubeni yokuqala yobufakazi kuya ezindleleni zesimanje eziyinkimbinkimbi, lolu hambo luye lwaphawulwa ngokutholakala okusha kanye nokushintsha kwesimo. Njengoba siqhubekela phambili esikhathini esizayo, i-organic chemistry ngokungangabazeki izoqhubeka nokubumba nokuthuthukisa umhlaba wethu, iqhubekisele phambili ukusungula izinto ezintsha emikhakheni eminingi yesayensi kanye nezimboni. Umzila womlando we-organic chemistry awugcini nje ngokulandisa kwentuthuko yesayensi kodwa futhi ubonisa umthelela wayo ojulile emphakathini nasemhlabeni wemvelo.
