Izakhiwo Ezibonakalayo Nezamakhemikhali Zamagesi Ahloniphekile
Amagesi ahloniphekile – i-helium (He), i-neon (Ne), i-argon (Ar), i-krypton (Kr), i-xenon (Xe), kanye ne-radon (Rn) – ahlala eqenjini le-18 lethebula le-periodic. Lezi zinto ziphawuleka ngokuqina kwazo okumangalisayo kanye nokuntuleka kokusabela ngaphansi kwezimo ezijwayelekile. Lokhu kuziphatha okuyingqayizivele kungenxa yamagobolondo azo e-valence electron aphelele, awenza amelane kakhulu nokwakha izibopho zamakhemikhali. Lesi sihloko sihlola izakhiwo zomzimba nezamakhemikhali ezifaka isandla ekuziphatheni okuhlukile nokuthakazelisayo kwamagesi ahloniphekile.
Izakhiwo Ezibonakalayo Zamagesi Ahloniphekile
1. I-Atomic kanye ne-Ionic Radii
Amagesi amahle abonisa ukwanda okuqhubekayo kwe-athomu radii njengoba umuntu ehamba phansi eqenjini esuka ku-helium aye ku-radon. Lokhu kwanda kungabangelwa ukwengezwa kwamagobolondo e-electron ne-element ngayinye elandelanayo, okuholela kumthamo omkhulu we-athomu.
2. Amaphuzu Okubilisa Nokuncibilika
Amagesi amahle anamaphuzu aphansi okubila nokuncibilika uma kuqhathaniswa nezinye izakhi. Phakathi kwawo, i-helium inephuzu eliphansi lokubila (-268.9 °C) kanye nephuzu lokuncibilika (-272.2 °C), okwenza kube yiyona nto kuphela ehlala iwuketshezi emazingeni okushisa aphansi kakhulu angatholakala elabhorethri. Amaphuzu okubila nokuncibilika ayanda ngenombolo ye-athomu. I-Xenon, isibonelo, iyabila ku--108.1 °C futhi iyancibilika ku--111.8 °C. Lo mkhuba ubangelwa kakhulu amandla amakhulu e-van der Waals kumagesi amahle kakhulu, okudinga amandla engeziwe ukuze kuguquke phakathi kwezimo.
3. Ubuningi
Ubuningi bamagesi amahle buyanda ngenani lama-athomu, ikakhulukazi ngenxa yokwengezwa kobunzima njengoba umuntu eqhubeka esuka ku-helium aye ku-radon. I-Helium ilula kakhulu, cishe iyingxenye eyodwa kweziyisikhombisa zobukhulu bomoya, okwenza ithandwe ngokugcwalisa amabhaluni nemikhumbi-moya.
4. Ukuncibilika
Amagesi amahle ancibilika kancane emanzini. I-Helium inokuncibilika okuphansi kakhulu, kuyilapho i-xenon inokuncibilika okuphezulu kakhulu. Lokhu kuncibilika, nakuba kuncane kakhulu, kubalulekile ekusetshenzisweni okufana ne-anesthesiology, lapho ukuncibilika kwe-xenon emanzini ezinto eziphilayo kuyenza ifaneleke njenge-anesthetic.
5. Ukushisa Okushisayo
I-Helium ibonisa ukuhanjiswa kokushisa okuphezulu kakhulu uma kuqhathaniswa namanye amagesi. Lesi sici sisetshenziswa ezinhlelweni ezikhethekile zokupholisa, njengasemishinini ye-cryogenics kanye ne-MRI. Njengoba siqhubeka neqembu, ukuhanjiswa kokushisa kwehla kakhulu.
Izakhiwo Zamakhemikhali Zamagesi Ahloniphekile
Amagesi amahle sekuyisikhathi eside ebhekwa njengangasebenzi ngenxa yamagobolondo awo e-valence electron aphelele, ngokuvamile avimbela ekwakheni ama-reactive compounds. Kodwa-ke, okutholakale maphakathi nekhulu lama-20 kwembula ukuthi angakwazi, ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile, ukwakha ama-compounds, okuphonsela inselelo idumela lawo lokungakwazi ukungasebenzi kwamakhemikhali.
1. Ukusabela kabusha
Ukusabela kwamagesi amahle kuyanda eqenjini. I-Helium ne-neon cishe azisebenzi ngaphansi kwezimo ezijwayelekile. Nokho, i-Argon, i-krypton, i-xenon, ne-radon zingakha ama-compound, ikakhulukazi nge-fluorine ne-oxygen. I-Xenon, ikakhulukazi, yakha ama-compound ahlukahlukene, njenge-xenon hexafluoride (XeF6) kanye ne-xenon tetroxide (XeO4). Ukwanda kwe-polarizability kanye namandla aphansi e-ionization kumagesi amahle kakhulu kunegalelo kulokhu kusebenza okukhulu.
2. Ukwakheka Okuhlanganisiwe
– Ama-Xenon Compounds: I-Xenon yakha ama-fluoride nama-oxide amaningana, abalulekile kokubili ngenxa yamakhemikhali awo athakazelisayo kanye nokusetshenziswa kwawo okungenzeka. Isibonelo, i-xenon difluoride (XeF2), isetshenziswa njenge-ejenti enamandla yokufudumeza ekuhlanganisweni kwezinto eziphilayo.
– Ama-Krypton Compounds: I-Krypton yaziwa ngokwakha i-krypton difluoride (KrF2), inhlanganisela ekhombisa ikhono lamagesi amahle lokuzibandakanya ekuhlanganiseni kwamakhemikhali ngaphansi kwezimo ezinzima.
3. Amandla Okubambisana Kwe-Electron kanye Ne-Ionization
Amagesi amahle kakhulu anamandla amakhulu e-ionization, ancipha kusuka ku-helium kuya ku-radon. Amandla e-ionization amandla adingekayo ukususa i-electron ku-athomu noma i-ion yegesi. Lawa mandla aphezulu e-ionization aqinisa isimo sawo sokungaphenduli njengoba kungafanele ngamandla ukuthi alahlekelwe ama-electron. Ngenxa yalokho, amagesi amahle kakhulu ane-affinities e-electron ephansi kakhulu, ngokuvamile acishe abe yi-zero, okubonisa ukuntuleka kwawo kokuthambekela kokuthola ama-electron.
Amagesi Ahloniphekile Ezisetshenzisweni Eziwusizo
Ngaphandle kokuqonda izakhiwo zawo zangaphakathi, amagesi amahle anezinhlobo eziningi zokusetshenziswa ezivela ezicini zawo ezihlukile.
1. I-Helium
I-Helium ibaluleke kakhulu kuma-cryogenics ngenxa yokuthi iphansi kakhulu ekubileni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, isimo sayo sokungaphenduki kanye nokuminyana kwayo okuphansi kwenza ibe yindawo ekahle yokusetshenziswa kumabhaluni nasezindizeni zomoya. Ekucwileni olwandle olujulile, i-helium ithatha indawo ye-nitrogen kumagesi okuphefumula ukuze igweme i-nitrogen narcosis.
2. I-Neon
I-Neon ivame ukusetshenziswa ezimpawini ezikhanyiswe kahle ngenxa yobubanzi bayo bokukhishwa okunamandla uma i-ionized. Ngaphezu kwalokho, inendima ezindinganisweni ze-high-voltage kanye namashubhu e-vacuum.
3. I-Argon
I-Argon ivame ukusetshenziswa ekushiseleni nakwezinye izinqubo zezimboni ezishisa kakhulu ukuze kuhlinzekwe umoya ongasebenzi kahle, kuvinjelwe ukusabela kwamakhemikhali okungafunwa. Ekukhanyeni kwe-incandescent kanye ne-fluorescent, igesi ye-argon isiza ekuvimbeleni ukungcoliswa kwe-filament.
4. I-Krypton ne-Xenon
I-Krypton ne-xenon zisetshenziswa ekukhanyeni nasekuthatheni izithombe. I-Krypton isetshenziswa kwezinye izibani zezithombe, kuyilapho i-xenon isetshenziswa ezibanini ezinamandla aphezulu, okuhlanganisa nalezo ezisetshenziswa kuma-lighthouse beacons kanye nama-projector ezithombe ezinyakazayo. Izakhiwo ze-Xenon zokubulala izinzwa zisetshenziswa ezindaweni zezokwelapha, yize izindleko zayo eziphakeme zinciphisa ukusetshenziswa kabanzi.
5. I-Radon
Naphezu kokusebenza kwayo ngemisebe kanye nezingozi zempilo ezihlobene nayo, i-radon iye yahlolwa ukuze isetshenziswe ekwelapheni umdlavuza. Kodwa-ke, ngenxa yokuthi ingabangela umdlavuza wamaphaphu, ukusetshenziswa kwayo kulinganiselwe futhi kulawulwa kakhulu.
Isiphetho
Amagesi amahle, anezakhiwo zawo eziyingqayizivele zomzimba nezamakhemikhali, ahlala eyindaba yokuthakazelisa kwesayensi kanye nosizo olusebenzayo. Nakuba ukusebenza kwawo kuncane, ikhono lamagesi amahle kakhulu lokwenza izinto ezihlanganisiwe ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile livula izindlela ezithakazelisayo zocwaningo lwamakhemikhali. Ukusetshenziswa kwawo, kusukela ezinqubweni zezimboni kuya ekusetshenzisweni kwezokwelapha, kuyaqhubeka nokukhula njengoba ukuqonda kwethu ngalezi zinto eziyimfihlakalo kukhula. Ngenxa yalokho, ukutadisha amagesi amahle kuhlala kubalulekile, kuqhubeka nokufaka isandla ekuthuthukisweni emikhakheni eyahlukene yesayensi nezobuchwepheshe.
