Izinzuzo Zamagciwane Embonini
Ama-microorganism, izinto eziphilayo ezibonakala kuphela nge-microscope, adlala indima ebalulekile ezimbonini ezahlukene. Izinzuzo zawo zizwakala ngezinga elikhulu, kusukela ekukhiqizweni kokudla neziphuzo kuya kwezokwelapha kanye nemvelo. Lesi sihloko sizochaza izinzuzo ezahlukahlukene zama-microorganisms aguqule umhlaba wezimboni.
Ama-microorganisms embonini yokudla neziphuzo
Enye yezindlela ezaziwa kakhulu zokusebenzisa izinto ezincane isetshenziswa embonini yokudla neziphuzo. Ukubilisa, inqubo eqalwa izinto ezincane, kuye kwasetshenziswa izinkulungwane zeminyaka ukukhiqiza imikhiqizo eyahlukahlukene.
Ukukhiqizwa Komkhiqizo Obilisiwe
1. I-Yogurt Noshizi: Ama-bacteria e-lactic acid njenge-Lactobacillus ne-Streptococcus abaluleke kakhulu ekukhiqizweni kwe-yogurt noshizi. Inqubo yokubilisa Lokho abakwenzayo ukuguqula i-lactose ibe yi-lactic acid, okwenza umkhiqizo wokugcina ube nokuthungwa kwawo okuhlukile kanye nokunambitheka kwawo.
2. Isinkwa Nobhiya: Imvubelo efana ne-Saccharomyces cerevisiae isetshenziswa ekwenzeni isinkwa nokwenza ubhiya. Ekwenzeni isinkwa, imvubelo ibilisa ushukela ukuze ikhiqize i-carbon dioxide, esiza inhlama ukuthi ikhuphuke. Embonini yobhiya, inqubo yokubilisa Imvubelo ikhiqiza utshwala kanye ne-carbon dioxide, okwenza ubhiya ube nokunambitheka okuhlukile.
3. Eminye Imikhiqizo Ebilisiwe: Isosi yesoya, i-tempeh, ne-kimchi ezinye izibonelo zemikhiqizo yokudla ehilela umsebenzi wezinto ezincane ekukhiqizweni kwazo. Ngayinye yale mikhiqizo inezinto ezincane ezithile ezidlala indima ekuthuthukisweni kokunambitheka, iphunga, kanye nokuthungwa.
Ukuthuthukiswa Kokudla Okunomsoco
Ukubilisa kungathuthukisa nokuqukethwe kokudla okunomsoco. Isibonelo, enqubweni yokubilisa ye-tempeh, amabhaktheriya e-Rhizopus oligosporus aphula amaprotheni ayinkimbinkimbi avela kubhontshisi abe ama-amino acid amuncwa kalula ngumzimba womuntu. Lawa ma-microorganism angakhiqiza namavithamini e-B, awusizo empilweni yabathengi.
Ama-microorganisms Embonini Yezemithi
Imboni yezemithi ingenye imboni eye yazuza kakhulu ngamagciwane amancane. Imithi ehlukahlukene kanye nama-antibiotic, ikakhulukazi lawo esiwasebenzisa namuhla, athuthukiswe ngenxa yamagciwane amancane.
Ukukhiqizwa Kwama-antibiotic
1. I-Penicillin: Enye yezinto ezibaluleke kakhulu ezitholakale kwezokwelapha kwakuyi-penicillin, eyakhiqizwa yi-fungus i-Penicillium notatum. Lokhu kutholakala kwashintsha indlela umhlaba ophatha ngayo izifo ezibangelwa amagciwane futhi kwasindisa izigidi zabantu.
2. I-Streptomycin: Amanye ama-antibiotic afana ne-streptomycin akhiqizwa yibhaktheriya i-Streptomyces griseus, nawo anendima ebalulekile ekwelapheni isifo sofuba kanye nezinye izifo ezihlukahlukene zamagciwane.
Ukukhiqizwa Kwamavithamini Nama-hormone
Ama-microorganisms asetshenziswa nasekukhiqizweni kwamavithamini nama-hormone ahlukahlukene. Isibonelo, i-bacterium Propionibacterium shermanii isetshenziswa ekukhiqizweni kwe-vitamin B12. Endabeni yama-hormone, ubuchwepheshe be-recombinant DNA buvumela ama-bacteria anjenge-Escherichia coli ukuthi akhiqize i-insulin yabantu, okuyinto ebalulekile kubantu abanesifo sikashukela.
Izinto ezincane embonini yezemvelo kanye nezamandla
Ukusetshenziswa kwama-microorganisms kubalulekile nasezimbonini zemvelo nezamandla, ikakhulukazi ezinqubweni zokulungisa izinto eziphilayo kanye nokukhiqizwa kwamandla ezinto eziphilayo.
Ukwelashwa kwe-bioremediation
Ukulungiswa kwezinto eziphilayo inqubo yokusebenzisa ama-microorganism ukuhlanza indawo ezungezile kusuka ekungcoleni. Ama-microorganism athile anekhono lokubhubhisa izinto ezinobuthi, okwenza abe usizo ekuhlanzeni ukuchitheka kukawoyela, imfucuza yezimboni, kanye namanye amakhemikhali ayingozi.
1. Ukubola Kwamafutha: Amabhaktheriya anjengePseudomonas ne-Alcanivorax anekhono lokubola ama-hydrocarbon kumafutha aluhlaza, ngakho-ke asetshenziswa ekusingatheni ukuchitheka kwamafutha olwandle.
2. Ukwelashwa Kwemfucuza: Izinto eziphilayo ezincane ezifana namagciwane e-methanogenic zisetshenziswa ekwelapheni amanzi angcolile ukuze zihlukanise izinto eziphilayo zibe yigesi ye-methane kanye ne-carbon dioxide.
Ukukhiqizwa kwe-Bioenergy
I-Bioenergy ingamandla avuselelekayo akhiqizwa ngezinto eziphilayo. Ama-microorganisms adlala indima ekukhiqizweni kwezinhlobo ezahlukene zamandla e-bio.
1. I-Bioethanol: Imvubelo i-Saccharomyces cerevisiae ingavundisa ushukela ovela ezitshalweni ezifana nommbila kanye nomoba ukuze kukhiqizwe i-bioethanol, esetshenziswa njengophethiloli ohlukile.
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2. I-Biogas: Amabhaktheriya e-Methanogenic abola izinto eziphilayo ngaphansi kwezimo ze-anaerobic ukuze akhiqize i-biogas equkethe i-methane, engasetshenziswa njengophethiloli wokuphehla ugesi noma njengomthombo wamandla okushisa.
Ama-microorganisms Embonini Yezolimo
Kwezolimo, ama-microorganisms asiza ekwandiseni umkhiqizo kanye nempilo yezitshalo kanye nokunciphisa ukuncika kumakhemikhali okwenziwa.
Umanyolo we-Bio
Ama-biofertilizer aqukethe ama-microorganisms aphilayo angathuthukisa ukuvunda kwenhlabathi. Isibonelo, amabhaktheriya e-Rhizobium anekhono lokubamba i-nitrogen emoyeni bese eyilungisa ngendlela engasetshenziswa yizitshalo ezisawolintshi. Lokhu akugcini nje ngokuthuthukisa ukukhula kwezitshalo kodwa futhi kunciphisa nesidingo sama-fertilizer e-nitrogen okwenziwa.
Ukulawulwa Kwezinto Eziphilayo
Ama-microorganism asetshenziswa nasekulawuleni izinto eziphilayo ukulawula izinambuzane nezifo zezitshalo. Ama-bacteria anjenge-Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) akhiqiza amaprotheni anobuthi abulala izinambuzane kodwa angalimazi abantu, izilwane kanye nezitshalo.
Ukucubungula Umquba
Ukwenza umquba kuyindlela yokucubungula imfucuza yezinto eziphilayo eyenziwa yizinto eziphilayo ukuze kuguqulwe izinto eziphilayo zibe yi-humus ecebile ngezakhamzimba. Lokhu kucubungula kuhilela izinto eziphilayo ezihlukahlukene ezifana namabhaktheriya, isikhunta, kanye ne-actinomycetes, ezisebenza ndawonye ezigabeni ezahlukene zokubola.
Isiphetho
Ngakho-ke, ama-microorganism adlala indima ebalulekile nebanzi ezimbonini ezahlukahlukene. Amandla awo ahlukile okuvumelanisa nokwenza imisebenzi ethile yamakhemikhali kuwenza abe usizo kakhulu ekukhiqizweni kokudla, kwezemithi, emvelweni, emandleni, nakwezolimo. Ukusungula izinto ezintsha kuyaqhubeka nokuvela njengoba ubuchwepheshe be-biotechnology buthuthuka, kuthembisa ukusetshenziswa okwengeziwe kwama-microorganism esikhathini esizayo. Ukusetshenziswa kwama-microorganism akugcini nje ngokuthuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kwezimboni kodwa futhi kunikeza izixazululo ezisimeme nezinobungane nemvelo ezibalulekile ekusaseni eliqhakazile.
