Izinzuzo ze-Fungi zezimboni
I-Pendahuluan
I-fungus, noma amakhowe, yiqembu lezinto eziphilayo ezingaphansi kombuso we-Fungi, okuhlanganisa izinhlobo ezahlukene njengemvubelo, isikhunta, namakhowe angempela. I-fungus idlala indima ebalulekile emvelweni ezindaweni ezahlukene zemvelo ngenxa yamandla ayo okubola izinto eziphilayo. Kodwa-ke, abantu abaningi abazi ukuthi i-fungus nayo inezicelo eziningi emikhakheni ehlukahlukene yezimboni. Kusukela ekukhiqizweni kokudla neziphuzo kuya emithini yemithi, ngocwaningo nobuchwepheshe obuqhubekayo obushintshayo, i-fungus inikeza izinzuzo ezibalulekile entuthukweni yezimboni. Lesi sihloko sizobuyekeza ukusetshenziswa okuhlukahlukene kwe-fungus emikhakheni ehlukahlukene yezimboni kanye nezinzuzo ezilethayo.
Isikhunta Embonini Yokudla
Ukubilisa
Omunye weminikelo emikhulu kakhulu yefungi embonini ngenqubo yokubilisa . Ukubilisa inqubo yamakhemikhali lapho ifungi, njengemvubelo (Saccharomyces cerevisiae), iguqula ushukela ube utshwala kanye ne-carbon dioxide. Le nqubo iyisisekelo sokukhiqizwa kwemikhiqizo eyahlukahlukene yokudla neziphuzo ezifana newayini, ubhiya, isinkwa, noshizi.
1. Ukukhiqizwa Kwesinkwa: Imvubelo isiza ekukhuliseni inhlama yesinkwa ngokukhiqiza igesi ye-carbon dioxide eyenza isinkwa siphakame futhi sibe nokuthungwa okulula.
2. Ukukhiqizwa Kobhiya Newayini: Embonini yotshwala, imvubelo ibilisa ushukela okusanhlamvu nezithelo ukuze kukhiqizwe utshwala. Le nqubo iyisisekelo sokwenza ubhiya nokwenza iwayini.
3. Ushizi Nemikhiqizo Yobisi Ebilisiwe: Izinhlobo eziningana zesikhunta, njengePenicillium, zisetshenziswa ekwenziweni koshizi oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, lapho isikhunta sinikeza ushizi iphunga laso elihlukile kanye nokunambitheka.
Ukucubungula Ukudla
Isikhunta sidlala indima ebalulekile ekucutshungulweni kokudla. Ama-enzyme abawakhiqizayo angasetshenziswa ukuphula izinto eziphilayo eziyinkimbinkimbi zibe yizinhlobo ezilula nezigayeka kalula. Isibonelo, i-Aspergillus oryzae isetshenziswa ekukhiqizweni kwesoso lesoya kanye ne-miso, imikhiqizo yesoya ebilisiwe ethandwa kakhulu ekudleni kwase-Asia.
Isikhunta Embonini Yezemithi
Ama-antibiotics
Ukutholakala kwe-penicillin ngu-Alexander Fleming kwakungenye yezenzakalo ezibaluleke kakhulu kwezokwelapha. I-Penicillin, ekhiqizwe yi-fungus i-Penicillium chrysogenum, yayiyi-antibiotic yokuqala etholakale futhi isindise izigidi zabantu kusukela ekusetshenzisweni kwayo. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, kuye kwatholakala amanye ama-antibiotic ahlukahlukene akhiqizwe yi-fungi, njenge-cephalosporins kanye ne-griseofulvin.
Ama-immunomodulators kanye nama-Anticancer Agents
Ezinye izikhunta zikhiqiza amakhemikhali asebenzayo anamandla okulwa nomdlavuza kanye nama-immunomodulatory agents. Isibonelo, i-polysaccharide krestin (PSK), ekhishwe ku-Coriolus versicolor, isikhunta sokhuni, isetshenziswe ekwelapheni umdlavuza njengesithuthukisi samasosha omzimba.
Ukukhiqizwa Kwamavithamini
Isikhunta esifana ne-Ashbya gossypii sisetshenziswa ekukhiqizweni kwe-vitamin B2 (riboflavin) kwezentengiselwano. I-Riboflavin iyivithamini ebalulekile ebalulekile ekusebenzeni kwamandla kanye nokusebenza kahle kwamaseli .
Isikhunta Embonini Ye-Biotechnology
Ukukhiqizwa kwama-enzyme
Isikhunta singabakhiqizi bemvelo bama-enzyme ahlukahlukene awusizo kakhulu ezinqubweni ezahlukahlukene zezimboni. La ma-enzyme afaka ama-protease, ama-lipase, ama-cellulase, nama-amylase, asetshenziswa ekukhiqizeni insipho, ekucubungulweni kokudla, ekukhiqizweni kukaphethiloli we-bio, kanye nokwelashwa kwemfucuza.
1. Isihlanzi: Ama-protease akhiqizwa yisikhunta asetshenziswa ezinhlinzweni zokuhlanza ukuze asize ekuqhekekeni kwamaprotheni futhi asuse amabala aqinile ezingutsheni.
2. I-Biofuel: I-Cellulase isetshenziselwa ukuguqula i-lignocellulosic biomass ibe ushukela ongavutshelwa ube yi-ethanol, i-biofuel enobungani nemvelo.
3. Ukwelashwa Kwemfucuza: Isikhunta singasetshenziswa ekuhlanzeni izinto eziphilayo ukuze sibolise ukungcola okungokwemvelo kanye nezinsimbi ezisindayo enhlabathini nasemanzini.
Ukukhiqizwa kwe-Organic Acid
I-Aspergillus niger iyisikhunta esisetshenziswa kakhulu ekukhiqizeni i-citric acid kanye ne-gluconic acid, amakhompawundi amabili anezinhlobo eziningi zezicelo zezimboni. I-Citric acid isetshenziswa njengesivikelo kanye nesithuthukisi sokunambitheka embonini yokudla neziphuzo, kanye nesithako esiyisisekelo kuma-detergent kanye nemithi.
Isikhunta Embonini Yezindwangu
Ukudaya
Isikhunta siqukethe imibala yemvelo engasetshenziswa njengedayi yendwangu, okwenza ibe nobungane kakhulu nemvelo kunemibala yokwenziwa. Ezinye izinhlobo zesikhunta zikhiqiza imibala enganikeza imibala egqamile ezindwangu eziqinile kahle.
Ama-enzyme Okucubungula Indwangu
Ama-enzyme akhiqizwa yi-fungi nawo asetshenziswa ekucubungulweni kwendwangu. Isibonelo, ama-enzyme e-amylase angasetshenziswa ukususa isitashi (usayizi) endwangu, okusiza ekuthuthukiseni ikhwalithi nokuqina kwayo.
Isikhunta Kwezolimo
Umbulali Wezinambuzane
Izikhunta ezifana neBeauveria bassiana kanye neMetarhizium anisopliae zisetshenziswa njengemithi yokubulala izinambuzane ephilayo ukulawula ukwanda kwezinambuzane ezibangela izinambuzane. Zingathelela futhi zibulale izinambuzane ngendlela engalimazi izitshalo noma imvelo futhi ziyindlela ephephile yokwelapha izibulala-zinambuzane zamakhemikhali.
I-Biofertilizer
Isikhunta se-mycorrhizal sisiza ekwandiseni ukumuncwa kwezakhamzimba ezitshalweni ngokwandisa izimpande. Singathuthukisa ukutholakala kwe-phosphorus, i-nitrogen, nezinye izakhamzimba, siqinise ukumelana kwezitshalo nezifo, futhi sithuthukise ukukhula kwezitshalo.
Isiphetho
I-fungus iyiqembu lezinto eziphilayo eziguquguqukayo kakhulu ezinezinzuzo ezibalulekile emikhakheni ehlukahlukene yezimboni. Kusukela ekuvuthweni nasekucutshungulweni kokudla kuya kwezemithi, ubuchwepheshe be-bio, izindwangu, kanye nezolimo, ukusetshenziswa kwe-fungus embonini akugcini nje ngokuthuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kanye nekhwalithi yomkhiqizo kodwa futhi kunikeza izixazululo ezinobungani nemvelo nezisimeme. Ngocwaningo oluqhubekayo, indima ye-fungus embonini cishe izokhula, okuholela ekusungulweni okusha okuqhubekayo kanye nentuthuko emikhakheni ehlukahlukene.
Njengoba kunezinzuzo ezibanzi kanye namandla esikhunta, kubalulekile kithi ukuqhubeka nokukhuthaza ucwaningo olujulile kanye nokuhlola. Ngale ndlela, singasebenzisa kahle kakhulu amakhono abo futhi sinikele ezixazululweni ezintsha ezisekela ukuthuthukiswa kwemikhakha ehlukahlukene yezimboni.
