Indima ye-UN ebudlelwaneni bamazwe ngamazwe
I-United Nations (UN) yinhlangano yamazwe ngamazwe eyasungulwa ngo-Okthoba 24, 1945, ngemva kokuphela kweMpi Yezwe II. Inhloso yayo eyinhloko ukuvimbela izingxabano zomhlaba wonke, ukugcina ukuthula, ukuqinisekisa ukuphepha kwamazwe ngamazwe, nokukhuthaza ukubambisana phakathi kwezizwe emkhakheni wezomnotho, wezenhlalo, wamasiko kanye nowobuntu. Kuze kube manje, i-UN ibilokhu iyisikhungo esibalulekile ebudlelwaneni bamazwe ngamazwe, idlala indima ebalulekile ezicini ezahlukene zokuphila komhlaba wonke.
Ukwakheka kanye Nenhloso ye-UN
I-UN yasungulwa ngesifiso sokuvimbela isiphithiphithi somhlaba wonke esenzeka ngesikhathi seMpi Yezwe I neyesi-2. I-UN Charter, esebenza njengesisekelo somthethosisekelo sale nhlangano, yavunyelwa yizo zonke izizwe ezingu-51 ezisungule le nhlangano. Izinhloso eziyinhloko ezichazwe ku -UN Charter zifaka:
1. Gcina ukuthula nokuvikeleka kwamazwe ngamazwe, ngokuvimbela nokunciphisa izingxabano phakathi kwamazwe.
2. Ukwakha ubudlelwano obunobungane phakathi kwezizwe obusekelwe ekuhlonipheni izimiso zamalungelo alinganayo kanye nokuzibusa.
3. Ukuhlela ukubambisana kwamazwe ngamazwe ekuxazululeni izinkinga zamazwe ngamazwe emkhakheni wezomnotho, wezenhlalo, wamasiko kanye nowobuntu kanye nokukhuthaza ukuhlonishwa kwamalungelo abantu.
4. Ukuba yisikhungo sezivumelwano zamazwe ngamazwe ezihlose ukufeza lezi zinhloso.
Isakhiwo kanye Nemisebenzi Eyinhloko ye-UN
I-UN inezinhlaka eziningana eziyinhloko, ngayinye inendima yayo kanye nomsebenzi wayo ekufezeni umsebenzi wenhlangano. Ezinye zazo zifaka:
1. Umhlangano Jikelele: Lena yinhlangano eyinhloko yokuxoxisana lapho wonke amazwe angamalungu enamalungelo okumelwa alinganayo kanye nokuvota. Umhlangano usebenza njengenkundla yokuxoxisana nokwenza izinqumo ezindabeni zomhlaba wonke.
2. UMkhandlu Wezokuphepha: Unomthwalo wokulondoloza ukuthula nokuvikeleka kwamazwe ngamazwe. Unamalungu ayi-15, lapho amazwe amahlanu (I-America Serikat, iRussia, iShayina, i-United Kingdom, kanye neFrance) bangamalungu angunaphakade anamalungelo okuvota.
3. UMkhandlu Wezomnotho Nezenhlalo: Uqondisa ukubambisana kwezomnotho nezenhlalo kwamazwe ngamazwe kanye nomsebenzi wezinhlangano ezikhethekile nezikhungo ngaphansi kwe-UN.
4. UMkhandlu Wokuphatha: Wasungulwa ukuze uqondise izindawo ze-trust nokuqinisekisa ukuthi ziyazibusa noma zizimele. Imisebenzi yawo eyinhloko yaqedwa ngo-1994.
5. INkantolo Yobulungisa Yamazwe Ngamazwe: Inomsebenzi wokuxazulula izingxabano zomthetho phakathi kwamazwe nokunikeza imibono yokweluleka ngemibuzo yezomthetho ethunyelwe yizinhlaka ze-UN kanye nezinhlangano ezikhethekile.
6. Ihhovisi Likanobhala: Linomthwalo wokwenza umsebenzi wansuku zonke we-UN, liholwa nguNobhala-Jikelele.
Indima Ye-UN Ekulondolozeni Ukuthula Nokuphepha
Omunye wemisebenzi ebaluleke kakhulu ye-UN ukugcina ukuthula nokuvikeleka kwamazwe ngamazwe. UMkhandlu Wezokuphepha we-UN unikezwe igunya lokuhlonza izinkinga ezingaba khona futhi uthathe isinyathelo ngokubambisana. Lokhu kungafaka phakathi ukuthumela ohambweni lokugcina ukuthula ukuze kuqashwe ukumiswa kwempi, ukuqinisekisa ukhetho olukhululekile nolungenacala, noma ukuvikela amalungelo omphakathi.
Imizamo Yezokuxhumana kanye Nokulamula
I-UN ivame ukusebenza njengomlamuleli ezingxabanweni zamazwe ngamazwe. Izibonelo eziphawulekayo zifaka phakathi ukungenelela kwe-UN eCongo (1960-1964) kanye naseMpumalanga Ephakathi (isibonelo, imizamo eyahlukahlukene yokuthula kwa-Israyeli nasePalestine). Ngaphezu kwalokho, uNobhala Jikelele we-UN uvame ukusebenza njengobuso bezombusazwe bemizamo yokulamula, njengoba kwenza uDag Hammarskjöld eCongo, futhi muva nje, u-António Guterres ezingxabanweni ezahlukahlukene.
Usizo Lokusiza Abantu
Uma kuvela izinkinga, kungaba ngenxa yempi noma izinhlekelele zemvelo, izinhlangano ze-UN ezifana ne-UNHCR (United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees), i-UNICEF (United Nations Children's Fund), kanye ne-WFP (World Food Programme) zinikeza usizo olubalulekile lobuntu. I-UN iqinisekisa ukulethwa okusheshayo nokuqondiwe kosizo kulabo abaswele, ukunciphisa ukuhlupheka kwabantu kanye nokusiza inqubo yokululama.
Intuthuko Yezomnotho Nezenhlalo
NgoMkhandlu Wezomnotho Nezenhlalo kanye nezinhlangano zawo ezikhethekile, njenge-UNESCO, i-WHO, kanye ne-UNDP, i-UN ihileleke ngenkuthalo ekuthuthukisweni komnotho nezenhlalo. Izinhlelo ze-UN zibe nomthelela omkhulu ekunciphiseni ubumpofu, ekuthuthukiseni ukufinyelela emfundweni nasempilweni, kanye nokukhuthaza intuthuko esimeme.
Amalungelo abantu
I-UN nayo idlala indima ebalulekile ekukhuthazeni nasekuvikeleni amalungelo abantu. UMkhandlu Wamalungelo Abantu kanye neHhovisi likaKhomishana Omkhulu Wamalungelo Abantu we-UN basebenza ukuqapha ukwephulwa kwamalungelo abantu emhlabeni wonke futhi banikeze ukwesekwa emazweni ukuze athuthukise amazinga awo. I-UN iphinde yamukela izivumelwano ezahlukahlukene zamazwe ngamazwe eziqinisekisa amalungelo ayisisekelo omuntu ngamunye, njengeSimemezelo Somhlaba Wonke Samalungelo Abantu.
Izinselele Nokugxekwa
Naphezu kwempumelelo enkulu ye-UN, ibhekene nezinselele eziningi kanye nokugxekwa. Okunye ukugxekwa okukhulu kuphathelene nokwakheka kwe-Security Council, ebhekwa njengengameleli amandla omhlaba wanamuhla futhi ethonywe kakhulu amazwe anamandla okuvimbela. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukusebenza kahle kwe-UN ekuxazululeni izingxabano emazweni afana neSyria, iMyanmar, neYemen kuvame ukungabaza.
Okunye ukugxekwa kuvela ekuthembeleni kwayo ngokwezimali eminikelweni yamalungu ezwe, okuyinto ngezinye izikhathi ephazamisa ukuzimela nokusebenza kahle kwe-UN. Ukucaca kanye nehhovisi eliyinkimbinkimbi ngaphakathi kwe-UN nakho kubhekwa njengezithiyo ekusetshenzisweni kwemisebenzi yayo.
Uguquko lwe-UN
Ngenxa yalezi zinselele, abaningi banxusa izinguquko ngaphakathi kwe-UN ukuthi zikhuphule ukusebenza kwayo kanye nokufaneleka kwayo. Izinguquko ezinjalo zingafaka phakathi izinguquko esakhiweni sobulungu be-Security Council, ukuqinisa izindlela zokuqapha amalungelo abantu, ukwandisa ukucaca kanye nokuzibophezela, kanye nokuzivumelanisa nezinselele ezintsha zomhlaba wonke njengokushintsha kwesimo sezulu kanye nokuphepha kwe-inthanethi.
Isiphetho
Njengenhlangano ehamba phambili yamazwe ngamazwe, indima ye-UN ebuhlotsheni bamazwe ngamazwe ibalulekile futhi inezici eziningi. Kusukela ekugcineni ukuthula nokuvikeleka kanye nokubhekana nezinkinga zobuntu kuya ekukhuthazeni intuthuko yezomnotho neyenhlalo kanye namalungelo abantu, i-UN isalokhu ingumlingisi obalulekile ekudaleni umhlaba ophephile, onobulungiswa, nochumayo.
Naphezu kokubhekana nezinselele eziningi kanye nokugxekwa, indima ye-UN isalokhu ingenakuthathelwa indawo kuleli zwe elihlala lishintsha futhi liyinkimbinkimbi. Ukuguqulwa kanye nokuzivumelanisa nezimo kuyadingeka njalo ukuqinisekisa ukuthi i-UN iyaqhubeka nokwenza imisebenzi yayo ngempumelelo nangokufanele naphezu kwezinguquko zomhlaba wonke zekhulu lama-21 . Ngokuzibophezela kanye nokubambisana kwawo wonke amazwe angamalungu, i-UN ingaqhubeka nokuba yisibonakaliso sethemba lokufeza ukuthula nokuchuma okusimeme emhlabeni wonke.
