Ubudlelwano Namazwe Ngamazwe kanye Nentuthuko Eqhubekayo
Intuthuko esimeme isibe ngenye yezinhlelo ezibaluleke kakhulu ekubusweni komhlaba wonke kwekhulu lama-21. Njengoba amazwe ebhekene nenkinga yesimo sezulu, ukungalingani kwezomnotho, izingxabano zezinsizakusebenza, kanye nezingcindezi empilweni yomphakathi, izindlela zentuthuko ezilandela ukukhula komnotho kuphela azizange zibonakale zinganele. Yilapho ubudlelwano bamazwe ngamazwe budlala khona indima ebalulekile: lezi zinkinga zidlula imingcele, ngakho izixazululo ezisebenzayo zidinga ukubambisana phakathi kwemingcele, izingxoxo zobumbano, kanye nokuqinisa izikhungo zomhlaba wonke. Ngamanye amazwi, intuthuko esimeme akuyona nje inkinga yasekhaya, kodwa iphrojekthi ehlanganyelwe yomphakathi wamazwe ngamazwe.
Ngokuvamile, intuthuko esimeme ibhekisela emizamweni yokuhlangabezana nezidingo zesizukulwane samanje ngaphandle kokubeka engcupheni ikhono lezizukulwane ezizayo lokuhlangabezana nezidingo zazo. Lo mqondo ugcizelela ibhalansi phakathi kwezinsika ezintathu eziyinhloko: ezomnotho, ezenhlalo, kanye nezemvelo. Empeleni, lokhu kulinganisela kufezwa ngezinqubomgomo ezikhuthaza ukukhula okubandakanya wonke umuntu, ukunciphisa ubumpofu nokungalingani, kanye nokugcina amandla okuthwala ezinto eziphilayo. Kodwa-ke, ngenxa yokuthi ukuhweba, ukutshalwa kwezimali, ukufuduka, ukukhishwa kwekhabhoni, kanye nokugeleza kobuchwepheshe kusemhlabeni wonke, i-ajenda yentuthuko esimeme izohlala ihlangana nobudlelwano bamazwe ngamazwe.
Enye yezinhlaka zomhlaba ezivelele kakhulu yi-Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), eyamukelwa yi-United Nations ngo-2015. Ama-SDG ahlanganisa imigomo eyi-17, kusukela ekuqedweni kobumpofu, imfundo esezingeni eliphezulu, kanye nokulingana ngokobulili kuya esenzweni sezulu, izimiso zemvelo zasolwandle, kanye nokubambisana komhlaba wonke. Ama-SDG agcizelela ukuthi intuthuko eqhubekayo idinga ukubambisana phakathi kwamazwe, izinhlangano zomhlaba wonke, umkhakha ozimele, kanye nomphakathi. Ngokombono wobudlelwano bamazwe ngamazwe, ama-SDG abonisa indlela izimiso zomhlaba wonke ezakhiwa ngayo ngokuxoxisana, isivumelwano, bese zihunyushwa zibe yizinqubomgomo zikazwelonke.
Ubudlelwano bamazwe ngamazwe buhlobene nokuphathwa kwemvelo emhlabeni jikelele. Ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu kuyisibonelo esisobala kakhulu: ukukhishwa kwamagesi ashisa ukushisa ezweni elilodwa kungathinta umhlaba wonke. Ngakho-ke, izivumelwano zamazwe ngamazwe ezifana neSivumelwano saseParis ziyizinto ezibalulekile zokuvumelanisa izibopho nokunciphisa ukukhishwa kwamagesi, ukuzivumelanisa nezimo, kanye nokuxhaswa ngezimali kwesimo sezulu. Kodwa-ke, ukusetshenziswa kwazo kuvame ukubhekana nezinselele. Amazwe athuthukile nasathuthuka anamakhono ahlukene kanye nemithwalo yemfanelo yomlando. Impikiswano mayelana "nemithwalo yemfanelo evamile kodwa ehlukene" ikhombisa ukuthi izingxoxo zesimo sezulu aziphathelene nesayensi nobuchwepheshe kuphela, kodwa futhi ziphathelene nobulungiswa, umlando wezimboni, kanye nokwabelana ngezindleko.
Emkhakheni wezomnotho wezepolitiki wamazwe ngamazwe, intuthuko esimeme ithonywa ukuhweba komhlaba wonke kanye nokwakhiwa kokutshalwa kwezimali. Ukuhwebelana komhlaba wonke kuvumela amazwe asathuthuka ukufinyelela ezimakethe, ezimalini, kanye nobuchwepheshe, kodwa futhi kungabangela "umjaho ophansi" lapho amazinga ezemvelo kanye nabasebenzi ecindezelwa ukuze kudonswe utshalomali. Ngakho-ke, amazwe amaningi kanye nezinhlangano zomnotho zicindezela ukuhlanganiswa kwezigaba zemvelo ezivumelwaneni zokuhweba. Izinqubomgomo ezifana nezindinganiso ze-carbon footprint, isitifiketi somkhiqizo esimeme, kanye nezintambo zokuhlinzeka ezingenayo i-degradation ziqala ukuthonya ukuhweba ngezimpahla. Kwamazwe athumela kwamanye amazwe, lezi zidingo zingaletha amathuba okukhulisa inani elingeziwe kanye nedumela, kodwa zingaba futhi izithiyo lapho amandla okuthobela imithetho kanye nokuxhaswa ngezimali kokushintsha kunqunyelwe.
Izinkinga zezimali ziyisisekelo sentuthuko esimeme futhi ziyindawo ebalulekile yobudlelwano bamazwe ngamazwe. Amazwe amaningi asathuthuka adinga ukutshalwa kwezimali okukhulu ukwakha ingqalasizinda eluhlaza, ukwandisa amandla avuselelekayo, ukuqinisa izinhlelo zezempilo, nokuthuthukisa ukuvikeleka kokudla. Yilapho izikhungo zamazwe ngamazwe ezifana neBhange Lomhlaba, i-IMF, kanye namabhange okuthuthukiswa kwesifunda zidlala khona indima ngemali mboleko, izibonelelo, kanye nokusekelwa kobuchwepheshe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinhlelo zezimali zesimo sezulu—njenge-Green Climate Fund—zenzelwe ukusiza amazwe asengozini ukubhekana nemiphumela yenkinga yesimo sezulu. Kodwa-ke, izinkinga zezikweletu, imigomo yemali mboleko, kanye nokuthembela kwezezimali kungaholela ekugxekweni kokuthi izimali zamazwe ngamazwe ngezinye izikhathi zinezintshisekelo zezepolitiki. Ngakho-ke, ukucaca, ukuzibophezela, kanye nokuphatha okufanele kubalulekile ekuqinisekiseni ukubambisana kwezezimali kusekela ngempela ukusimama.
Ukudluliselwa kobuchwepheshe kanye nokusungula izinto ezintsha ngaphesheya kwemingcele nakho kubalulekile empumelelweni yentuthuko esimeme. Amandla elanga, ukugcinwa kwamabhethri, ezolimo ezinembile, kanye nezinhlelo zokuxwayisa kusengaphambili ngezinhlekelele kungathuthukisa ukusebenza kahle ngenkathi kunciphisa umthelela emvelweni. Kodwa-ke, ukudluliselwa kobuchwepheshe akulula ngaso sonke isikhathi ngenxa yezithiyo zamalungelo empahla yengqondo, amandla alinganiselwe ezinsizakusebenza zabantu, kanye nokufinyelela okungalingani ocwaningweni. Ebudlelwaneni bamazwe ngamazwe, ukubambisana ocwaningweni, emfundweni, nasekuqeqeshweni kuyisu elibalulekile lokunciphisa igebe. Izinhlelo zezifundo, ukubambisana kwamanyuvesi, kanye nezinhlangano zocwaningo eziwela imingcele zingasheshisa ukusabalala kobuchwepheshe obuluhlaza ngenkathi kwakha ukuzimela kokusungula izinto ezintsha emazweni asathuthuka.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, intuthuko esimeme ihlobene kakhulu nokuthula nokuvikeleka kwamazwe ngamazwe. Izingxabano eziningi zanamuhla zibangelwa noma zibhebhethekiswa umzabalazo wezinsiza zemvelo, ukuwohloka kwemvelo, kanye nokungalingani komphakathi. Inkinga yesimo sezulu ingandisa ingozi yezinhlekelele kanye nokuntuleka kwamanzi, okubangela ukufuduka okuphoqelelwe kanye nokungezwani phakathi kwemiphakathi. Ngaphakathi kohlaka lobudlelwano bamazwe ngamazwe, umqondo "wokuphepha kwabantu" ugcizelela ukuthi ukuphepha akuyona nje indaba yezempi, kodwa futhi nokuvikelwa ezinsongweni zendlala, izifo, kanye nenhlekelele. Ngakho-ke, izingxoxo zokuvimbela izingxabano, ukubambisana ekuphathweni kwemifula enqamula imingcele, kanye nentuthuko yangemva kwezingxabano esekelwe ekuzinzeni kuya ngokuya kuba yinto ebaluleke kakhulu.
Indima yabalingisi abangebona abakahulumeni nayo iya ngokuya ibusa. Izinkampani zamazwe ngamazwe zithonya ukukhishwa kwegesi emhlabeni jikelele, amaphethini okukhiqiza, kanye nezimo zokusebenza ngokusebenzisa izintambo zokuhlinzeka ngamazwe ngamazwe. Izinhlangano ezingenzi nzuzo, abezindaba, kanye nezinhlangano zomphakathi zingacindezela ohulumeni nezinkampani ukuthi babe sobala futhi babe nesibopho. Okwamanje, amadolobha amakhulu akha amanethiwekhi amazwe ngamazwe ukuze ashintshisane ngemikhuba emihle, njengokuthuthwa kokukhishwa kwegesi okuphansi, ukuphathwa kwemfucuza, kanye nezindawo eziluhlaza. Ebuhlotsheni bamazwe ngamazwe banamuhla, i-diplomacy ayisekho yodwa yamazwe; abalingisi abahlukahlukene banegalelo ekwakheni izindinganiso nezinqubomgomo zomhlaba wonke ezisekela ukusimama.
E-Indonesia, ubudlelwano bamazwe ngamazwe kanye nentuthuko esimeme kuhlangana ezindabeni zamasu ezifana nokushintsha kwamandla, ukuvikelwa kwamahlathi, umnotho oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, kanye nokuvikeleka kokudla. Njengesizwe esihlala ezindaweni eziningi esinezinhlobonhlobo eziningi zezinto eziphilayo, i-Indonesia inesithakazelo esikhulu ekulweni nokungcoliswa kolwandle, ukuthuthukisa ukudoba okusimeme, kanye nokwandisa ukuqina kokuphakama kolwandle. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, intuthuko kanye nokudalwa kwemisebenzi kudinga isu lokushintsha elifanele. Ukubambisana kwamazwe ngamazwe kungakusekela lokhu ngokutshalwa kwezimali emandleni avuselelekayo, ukwakha amandla kwezobuchwepheshe, kanye nokufinyelela emakethe yemikhiqizo esimeme. Kodwa-ke, i-Indonesia idinga futhi ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ukubambisana komhlaba wonke kuhambisana nezinto eziza kuqala kuzwelonke, kungahlukumezi abalimi nabadobi abancane, futhi kuhloniphe amalungelo emiphakathi yabomdabu.
Naphezu kwamandla ayo amakhulu, uhlelo lwentuthuko esimeme lubhekene nezinselelo eziningana emkhakheni wobudlelwano bamazwe ngamazwe. Okokuqala, ukungezwani kwezepolitiki kungaphazamisa ukuhlanganiswa komhlaba wonke, isibonelo lapho umbango wamandla amakhulu uthinta izindlela zezimali kanye nezindinganiso zobuchwepheshe. Okwesibili, ukungalingani kwamandla phakathi kwamazwe kudala izikhala zokuqaliswa: amanye amazwe akwazi ukushesha aye emandleni ahlanzekile, kanti amanye avinjelwa ukuxhaswa ngemali okulinganiselwe kanye nengqalasizinda. Okwesithathu, ingozi "yokuhlanza imvelo" iyanda lapho izibopho zokusimama ziyinkulumo nje ngaphandle koshintsho oluqondile. Okwesine, izinkinga zomhlaba wonke njengobhubhane zingaphambukisa ukunaka kanye nesabelomali, kuyilapho ukululama komnotho kufanele kuqondiswe endleleni eluhlaza futhi ebandakanya wonke umuntu.
Ekugcineni, ubudlelwano bamazwe ngamazwe kanye nentuthuko esimeme kuxhumene kakhulu. Ubudlelwano bamazwe ngamazwe buhlinzeka ngenkundla yokuxoxisana, izindinganiso, kanye nezikhungo ezivumela ukubambisana ukubhekana nezinselele eziwela imingcele. Okwamanje, intuthuko esimeme inikeza isiqondiso sokuziphatha kanye nenqubomgomo: ukukhula kumele kube ngokulinganayo, abantu kumele bachume, futhi imvelo kumele ivikelwe. Impumelelo yalolu hlelo incike ekuzibophezeleni okwabiwe, ukuxhaswa ngezimali okulinganayo, ukudluliselwa kobuchwepheshe okubandakanya wonke umuntu, kanye nokubusa okusobala komhlaba wonke. Ezweni elixhumene kakhulu, ukusimama akusekho inketho - kuyisidingo esiyisisekelo sokuqinisekisa ikusasa eliphephile nelisebenzayo labo bonke.
