Imibono Yobudlelwano Bamazwe Ngamazwe: Ukuhlola Izisekelo Zomcabango Wezepolitiki Womhlaba Wonke
Ekufundweni kobudlelwano bamazwe ngamazwe, imibono ihlinzeka ngesisekelo esibalulekile sokuqonda ukuguquguquka okuyinkimbinkimbi okulawula ukusebenzisana phakathi kwezifundazwe, izinhlaka ezingezona ezezwe, kanye nezinhlangano zamazwe ngamazwe. Njengoba umhlaba uqhubeka uxhumana futhi izinselele zomhlaba wonke ziba nzima kakhulu, ukuqonda le mibono kuba yinto ebaluleke kakhulu. Lesi sihloko sizoxoxa ngemibono eminingana ebalulekile ebuhlotsheni bamazwe ngamazwe: Ubuqiniso, Ukukhululeka, Ukwakha, UMarxism, kanye neTheory Ebucayi, ngayinye enikeza indlela ehlukile yokuhlaziya izimo zamazwe ngamazwe.
Ubuqiniso: Izintshisekelo Namandla
Ubuqiniso bungenye yezinkolelo-mbono ezindala kakhulu ebudlelwaneni bamazwe ngamazwe, igcizelela ukubaluleka kwezizwe njengabadlali abayinhloko kanye namandla njengento eyinhloko ethonya ubudlelwano phakathi kwezizwe. Ngokusho kwabangokoqobo, umhlaba wamazwe ngamazwe uyinkundla engenalo igunya eliphakathi elilawula ubudlelwano phakathi kwezizwe. Izizwe zibhekwa njengabadlali abanengqondo abafuna ukukhulisa izintshisekelo zazo zezwe, ikakhulukazi maqondana nokuphepha namandla.
Abantu abadumile balo mbono ngoThucydides, Machiavelli, noHobbes. Esimweni sanamuhla, amagama anjengoHans Morgenthau, Kenneth Waltz, noJohn Mearsheimer aseyizimpawu ezibalulekile. UMorgenthau waphikisana ngokuthi ezombusazwe zomhlaba wonke ziwumzabalazo oqhubekayo wamandla nokuthi ukuziphatha kwasekhaya akukwazi ukusetshenziswa ezingeni lomhlaba wonke. UKenneth Waltz, ngombono wakhe we-Structural Realism noma i-Neo-Realism, waphikisana ngokuthi isakhiwo sesimiso samazwe ngamazwe—hhayi isimo somuntu noma ukuziphatha kwezifundazwe ngazinye—kunquma amaphethini okuziphatha ebudlelwaneni obuphakathi kwezifundazwe.
Ukukhululeka: Ukubambisana kanye Nezikhungo Zamazwe Ngamazwe
I-Liberalism, njengenkolelo-mbono ephikisana nokuba ngokoqobo, inethemba elikhulu mayelana namathuba okubambisana kwamazwe ngamazwe kanye nendima yezikhungo zamazwe ngamazwe. AmaLiberal akholelwa ukuthi ubudlelwano bamazwe ngamazwe abuthonywa nje kuphela yizingxabano, kodwa futhi nawukubambisana kanye nokuncika komunye nomunye. Izifundazwe akuwona wodwa abadlali ababalulekile; abadlali abangebona ohulumeni njengezinhlangano zamazwe ngamazwe, izinkampani zamazwe ngamazwe, kanye nezinhlangano ezingezona ezikahulumeni nazo zidlala indima ebalulekile.
Abantu ababalulekile kulo mkhuba bahlanganisa uJohn Locke, u-Immanuel Kant, noWoodrow Wilson. Ekhulwini lama-20, lo mbono wathuthukiswa kakhulu ngababhali abanjengoKarl Deutsch, uRobert Keohane, noJoseph Nye. UKeohane noNye bethula umqondo "wokuxhomekeka okuyinkimbinkimbi," othi ezweni lanamuhla, izindaba zomnotho, zezombusazwe kanye nezenhlalo zixhumene kakhulu, okudala indawo ekhuthaza ukubambisana nokuthula. Izikhungo zomhlaba wonke ezifana ne-UN, i-WTO, kanye ne-IMF zibhekwa njengezidlala indima ebalulekile ekuxazululeni izingxabano kanye nokwenza kube lula ukubambisana phakathi kwezizwe.
Ukwakha: Ubunikazi kanye Nemikhuba Yomphakathi
Ukwakha kwavela njengokusabela empikiswaneni ejulile phakathi kobuqiniso kanye nokukhululeka ngasekupheleni kwekhulu lama-20. Lo mbono ugcizelela ukuthi iqiniso lamazwe ngamazwe lakhiwe yimibono, ubunjalo, kanye nezindinganiso zomphakathi. Ama-Constructivism akholelwa ukuthi isakhiwo sesimiso samazwe ngamazwe sakhiwe ukusebenzisana kanye nemibono phakathi kwabalingisi, hhayi kuphela ngamandla nezinto ezibonakalayo.
U-Alexander Wendt, omunye wabafundisi abaphambili be-constructivism, wagcizelela ukuthi “i-anarchy yilokho okwenziwa yizizwe,” egcizelela ukuthi akukho sakhiwo sangaphakathi se-anarchic ohlelweni lwamazwe ngamazwe. Ngokusho kukaWendt nabanye abasunguli be-constructivism, izindinganiso kanye nobunikazi obuphethwe yizizwe kanye nabanye abalingisi kunquma amaphethini okuziphatha ebudlelwaneni bamazwe ngamazwe. Isibonelo, izindinganiso zamalungelo abantu eziqashelwa emhlabeni wonke ziye zashintsha ukuziphatha kwezizwe mayelana nokuphathwa kwezakhamuzi zazo.
UbuMarxism: Ukungalingani Kwezomnotho kanye Nombuso
UbuMarxism ebudlelwaneni bamazwe ngamazwe bushintsha ukugxila kusuka ezingxabanweni zamandla phakathi kwezizwe kuya ekushintsheni kwezigaba kanye nokungalingani komnotho womhlaba wonke. Lo mbono usekelwe emisebenzini kaKarl Marx, owaphikisana ngokuthi ezomnotho ziyisisekelo sazo zonke izakhiwo zomphakathi nezepolitiki. AmaMarxism ebudlelwaneni bamazwe ngamazwe akholelwa ukuthi ubungxowankulu bomhlaba wonke budala ukungalingani okuyisisekelo sezingxabano eziningi zomhlaba wonke.
U-Immanuel Wallerstein, ngethiyori yakhe ye-World Systems, wayengomunye wabantu ababalulekile abasabalalisa ukucabanga kukaMarx emkhakheni wamazwe ngamazwe. UWallerstein wachaza umhlaba njengohlelo lwe-capitalist olungalingani, lapho izizwe eziyinhloko zixhaphaza khona izizwe ezingaphandle. Ingxabano nokungazinzi kwabonakala njengemiphumela eqondile yalokhu kuxhashazwa kwezomnotho. Ngaphandle kukaWallerstein, abantu abanjengo-Antonio Gramsci kanye nethiyori yakhe yokubusa kwamasiko nabo benze iminikelo ebalulekile, ikakhulukazi ekuqondeni ukuthi imibono ye-capitalist ingangena kanjani futhi izimise kanjani ohlelweni lwamazwe ngamazwe.
Umbono Obucayi: Ukufuna Ukukhululwa Nokuguqulwa
Ithiyori Ebucayi ebudlelwaneni bamazwe ngamazwe, evame ukuhlotshaniswa neFrankfurt School, iqala ngomgomo wokugxeka nokuguqula uhlelo lwamazwe ngamazwe olukhona. Iyalahla imibono eyisisekelo yobuqotho kanye nokukhululeka, ithi le mibono ivame ukwamukela isimo esikhona futhi ayigxeki ngokwanele amandla kanye nokungabi nabulungisa emhlabeni jikelele.
URobert Cox, omunye wabantu abaphambili kwezemfundiso ebucayi kwezobudlelwano bamazwe ngamazwe, washo ngokudumile ukuthi “imfundiso ihlale ingomuntu othile futhi ngenhloso ethile.” Lokhu kusikisela ukuthi yonke imibono inezintshisekelo zayo. UCox nabanye ababhali bemibono ebucayi bafuna ukunika amandla amaqembu acindezelwe futhi bakhuthaze ushintsho olulinganayo kwezenhlalo, kwezepolitiki, nakwezomnotho. Imfundiso ebucayi igcizelela ukubaluleka kokukhululwa njengomgomo wokugcina futhi ikhuthaza ushintsho lwesakhiwo ohlelweni lwamazwe ngamazwe.
Isiphetho
Imibono yobudlelwano bamazwe ngamazwe inikeza izinhlaka zokuhlaziya ezibalulekile zokuqonda ubunzima bomhlaba wamazwe ngamazwe. I-Realism, ngokugxila kwayo emandleni nasekuphepheni, i-Liberalism, kanye nenkolelo yayo ekubambisaneni kwamazwe ngamazwe kanye nezikhungo, i-Constructivism, ngokugcizelela kwayo izindinganiso zomphakathi kanye nobuntu, i-Marxism, kanye nokugxeka kwayo ukungalingani kwezomnotho, kanye ne-Critical Theory, kanye nokucindezela kwayo ushintsho kanye nokukhululwa, konke kunikeza ukuqonda okubalulekile kokuhlaziya izehlakalo zomhlaba wonke.
Naphezu kokucabanga nokugxila kwazo okuhlukile, inkolelo-mbono ngayinye inikeza amathuluzi okuqonda izici ezahlukene zobudlelwano bamazwe ngamazwe. Ngokuhlanganisa ukuqonda okuvela kulezi zinkolelo-mbono, singathola ukuqonda okucebile nokuyinkimbinkimbi ngezwe elishintshayo. Njengezazi, abenzi bezinqubomgomo, noma abantu abavamile abanentshisekelo ku-dynamics yamazwe ngamazwe, ukuqonda okujulile kwalezi zinkolelo-mbono kungasisiza hhayi nje kuphela ukuhumusha izenzakalo zomhlaba wonke kodwa futhi sifune izindlela eziya ezweni elinobulungisa nokuthula.
