Impi Yomshoshaphansi: Umthelela Wayo Emandleni Obudlelwano Bomhlaba Wonke
IMpi Yomshoshaphansi yayingenye yezinkathi ezibaluleke kakhulu emlandweni wekhulu lama-20. Leli gama libhekisela embangweni omude phakathi kwemibuso emibili emikhulu yomhlaba ngemva kweMpi Yezwe II, i-United States (US) kanye ne-Soviet Union (USSR), kanye nemifelandawonye yayo. Ibizwa ngokuthi "ibandayo" ngoba ingxabano ngokuvamile ayizange iphenduke impi evulekile, eqondile phakathi kwemibuso emibili emikhulu, kodwa kunalokho yadlala ngokubangisana ngemibono, imincintiswano yezikhali, izimpi zommeli, ingcindezi yezomnotho, i-propaganda, ngisho nomzabalazo wethonya lezombusazwe. Umthelela weMpi Yomshoshaphansi awugcinanga nje ngokubumba isimo sezombusazwe somhlaba wonke amashumi eminyaka, kodwa futhi washiya ifa elisazwakala ezindleleni zobudlelwano bamazwe ngamazwe namuhla.
Isizinda kanye Nezimpande Zengxabano
Ngemva kokunqotshwa kweJalimane lamaNazi neJapane ngo-1945, kwavela isikhala esikhulu samandla, ikakhulukazi eYurophu. I-United States neSoviet Union, ababengabangane empini ngaphambili, baqala ukungqubuzana ngenxa yokungafani kwemibono kanye nezintshisekelo zamasu. I-United States yayisekela ubukhapitali obukhululekile, intando yeningi yephalamende, kanye nomnotho wemakethe. I-Soviet Union yaletha ubukomanisi nohlelo lwayo lweqembu elilodwa, umnotho ohleliwe, kanye nombono wokusabalalisa uguquko lwabasebenzi, olwalubhekwa njengolusongela uhlelo lwenkululeko.
Imihlangano yaseYalta nasePotsdam yavula inkundla yokulwa ngethonya. ISoviet Union yaqinisa ukulawulwa kwayo eMpumalanga Yurophu ngohulumeni bamakhomanisi, kuyilapho i-US icindezela ukwakhiwa kabusha kweNtshonalanga Yurophu ngeMarshall Plan. Lokhu kwaholela ekwakhiweni kwama-bloc amabili amakhulu: iWestern Bloc eholwa yi-US kanye ne-Eastern Bloc eholwa yiSoviet. Lokhu kwahlukana kamuva kwaqina ngesimo semifelandawonye yezempi efana ne-NATO (1949) kanye neWarsaw Pact (1955).
Ukwakheka Kwesistimu Ye-Bipolar kanye Nomphumela Wayo
Enye yemiphumela emikhulu yeMpi Yomshoshaphansi ebuhlotsheni bamazwe ngamazwe kwaba ukuzalwa kwesimiso se-bipolar: umhlaba wawuhlukaniswe waba yizikhungo ezimbili zamandla. Kulesi simiso, izinqubomgomo zangaphandle zezizwe eziningi—ezinkulu nezincane—zazivame ukunqunywa yizikhundla zazo maqondana ne-United States noma i-Soviet Union. Amazwe afuna usizo lwezomnotho, ukwesekwa kwezokuphepha, noma ukuba semthethweni komhlaba wonke ayevame ukuphoqeleka ukuba “akhethe izinhlangothi” noma okungenani abonise izinga elithile lokusondelana.
I-bipolarity idala ukuzinza kanye nokungezwani. Ukuzinza kuvela eqinisweni lokuthi iqembu ngalinye linesakhiwo esicacile sobumbano; ukungezwani kuvela emathubeni okuba noma iyiphi inkinga yendawo ikhule ibe yingxabano yomhlaba wonke. Isibonelo esihle yiCuban Missile Crisis (1962), lapho umhlaba ucishe wangena empini yenuzi ngenxa yokuthunyelwa kwezikhali zaseSoviet eCuba kanye nempendulo ye-US, eyayibheka njengosongo oluqondile.
Isu Lokuncintisana Ngezikhali Nokuvimbela
IMpi Yomshoshaphansi yaguqula umqondo wokuphepha kwamazwe ngamazwe. Ngenkathi esikhathini esidlule, impi yayiqondwa njengokuqhubeka kwempi yezombusazwe ngezindlela zempi, iMpi Yomshoshaphansi yaletha indlela entsha yokuvimbela. Imfundiso ethi "Mutual Assured Destruction" (MAD) yasikisela ukuthi ukuhlasela kokuqala kwenuzi kuzobhekana nokubhujiswa okulinganayo noma okukhulu, okwenza impi evulekile ibe yinto engenangqondo.
Kodwa-ke, ukuvinjelwa kwabangela nomncintiswano omkhulu wezikhali. Zombili izinhlangothi zagijimela ukwakha amabhomu enuzi, imicibisholo ye-ballistic ehlanganisa amazwekazi, imikhumbi-ngwenya yenuzi, kanye nezinhlelo zokuzivikela zemicibisholo. Lo mncintiswano waqinisa ukuhlanganiswa kwenqubomgomo yezangaphandle kwezempi kanye nokwandisa isabelomali sokuzivikela. Ebudlelwaneni bamazwe ngamazwe, lokhu kwakusho ukuthi ukuphepha komhlaba wonke kwakuncike kakhulu ekulinganisweni kwamandla—hhayi kuphela ezindinganisweni noma ezikhungweni zamazwe ngamazwe.
Izimpi Zommeli kanye Nezingxabano Zesifunda
Nakuba impi eqondile phakathi kwe-US ne-Soviet Union ingazange yenzeke, iMpi Yomshoshaphansi yabangela izimpi eziningi zommeli, izingxabano zendawo noma zesifunda ezisekelwa yizwe elilodwa noma womabili amakhulu. I-Korea, i-Vietnam, i-Afghanistan, i-Angola, kanye nezingxabano ezahlukahlukene eLatin America yizibonelo ezaziwayo kakhulu. Ezimpini zommeli, ukwesekwa ngesimo sezikhali, ukuqeqeshwa kwezempi, usizo lwezomnotho, ngisho nemisebenzi yezobunhloli kwakuvame ukunikezwa ukuqinisekisa ukuthi uhlangothi oluphumelelayo luhambisana nezintshisekelo zeqembu elithile.
Umthelela wayo ebuhlotsheni bamazwe ngamazwe ubanzi kakhulu: izingxabano zasendaweni azisekho zodwa kodwa zixhumene nokuncintisana komhlaba wonke. Ubukhosi bamazwe asathuthuka buvame ukuphazanyiswa ukungenelela kwamanye amazwe, kokubili okusobala nokuyimfihlo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izimpi zommeli zinegalelo embonweni wokuthi ushintsho lombuso, ukugumbuqelwa kombuso, noma impi yombango kungasetshenziswa njengezinto zezombusazwe.
Ukuqeda Ubukoloni, Izwe Lesithathu, kanye Nokunyakaza Okungachemile
IMpi Yomshoshaphansi yenzeka ngesikhathi sokuqedwa kobukoloni ngokushesha. Amazwe asanda kuzimela e-Asia, e-Afrika, naseMpumalanga Ephakathi aba yizinkundla zokulwa nethonya. Womabili la maqembu awabheka “njengemiklomelo yamasu” engakhulisa izisekelo zawo zezepolitiki, ezomnotho, kanye nezempi. Usizo lwentuthuko, ukubambisana kwezobuchwepheshe, kanye nokusekelwa kwezombusazwe kwakuvame ukusekelwa ekuthembekeni kwemibono noma kwezepolitiki.
Kodwa-ke, akuwona wonke amazwe ayefuna ukubanjwa umbango wama-bloc amabili. I-Non-Aligned Movement (NAM), enamalungu afana noSukarno, uJawaharlal Nehru, uJosip Broz Tito, noGamal Abdel Nasser, yafuna ukudala isikhala sezepolitiki esihlukile: ukungachemi nanoma yiliphi i-bloc, ukwenqaba ubukoloni, kanye nokulwela ubukhosi nentuthuko. Nakuba empeleni amanye amazwe angachemi ahlala ekhetha uhlangothi olulodwa noma olunye, ukuba khona kwe-NAM kwathuthukisa ubudlelwano bamazwe ngamazwe ngokunikeza izinketho ezingaphezu kwe-bipolarization eqinile.
Indima Yenkulumo-ze Nempi Yemibono
IMpi Yomshoshaphansi nayo yayiyimpi yemibono nolwazi. Inkulumo-ze ngomsakazo, amafilimu, imithombo yezindaba ephrintiwe, kanye nezinhlelo zokushintshana ngamasiko yasetshenziswa ukwakha isithombe esihle seqembu lakho futhi ihlazise iqembu eliphikisayo. Lo mncintiswano wagcwala impilo yomphakathi: imfundo, ubuciko, ezemidlalo, kanye nesayensi kwaba yizinkundla zezimpi zodumo. "Umjaho Wesikhala," isibonelo, wawungewona nje umsebenzi wesayensi, kodwa wawuwuphawu lokuphakama kwezepolitiki.
Ngenxa yalokho, ubudlelwano bamazwe ngamazwe abuseyona nje indaba yezombusazwe esemthethweni, kodwa futhi "bungumncintiswano wezinhliziyo nezingqondo." Amandla athambile avele njengethuluzi elibalulekile, kanye namandla aqinile ezempi. Amazwe afunda ukuthi ithonya lomhlaba wonke lingakhiwa ngokulandisa, isiko elidumile, ubuchwepheshe, kanye nesithombe samazwe ngamazwe.
Izikhungo Zamazwe Ngamazwe kanye Nezokuxhumana Kwezinkinga
Ukuba khona kweZizwe Ezihlangene (i-UN) kwavivinywa yiMpi Yomshoshaphansi. UMkhandlu Wezokuphepha wawuvame ukubhekana nokungavumelani ngenxa ye-vetoes yase-US noma yaseSoviet. Noma kunjalo, i-UN yaqhubeka nokudlala indima njengenkundla yezokuxhumana, ukulamula, kanye nokuba semthethweni kwesenzo samazwe ngamazwe. Kwezinye izimo, imisebenzi yokugcina ukuthula ye-UN kanye nezinhlangano zosizo zasiza ekunciphiseni umthelela wezingxabano, nakuba kungavamile ukuqeda izimpi ngempumelelo.
IMpi Yomshoshaphansi nayo yaveza ubudlelwano bezinkinga obuhlelekile. Ucingo Oluphuthumayo lwaseMoscow-Washington lwasungulwa ngemuva kweCuban Missile Crisis ukuze kuncishiswe ingozi yokubala kabi. Izivumelwano zokulawula izikhali ezifana ne-SALT, i-START, kanye ne-Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) zibonise ukuthi ngisho noma kubhekene nokuncintisana okukhulu, ukuxoxisana kusabalulekile ukuze kube nokuzinza.
Ukuphela Kwempi Yomshoshaphansi Nefa Layo Emhlabeni Wanamuhla
IMpi Yomshoshaphansi yafika ekupheleni kwayo ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yama-1980 nasekuqaleni kweminyaka yama-1990, ithonywe izinguquko zangaphakathi zeSoviet Union (i-glasnost kanye ne-perestroika), ukuqina komnotho, kanye nengcindezi yezepolitiki eMpumalanga Yurophu eyaphetha ngokuwa koDonga lwaseBerlin (1989). Ukuqedwa kweSoviet Union ngo-1991 kwaphawula ukuphela kwe-bipolarity futhi kwaholela enkathini yokubusa kwe-US ohlelweni lwamazwe ngamazwe.
Kodwa-ke, ifa leMpi Yomshoshaphansi alizange linyamalale nje. Izingxabano eziningi zesifunda ezinezimpande kulesi sikhathi zisalokhu zinethonya. Izakhiwo zomfelandawonye njenge-NATO ziyaqhubeka futhi ziyachuma. Izindaba zokusongela ngemibono, ukwesaba ukungena, kanye nomkhuba wempi yolwazi ziye zathola ukubaluleka ngezindlela ezintsha, kufaka phakathi ukuncintisana kwezepolitiki zanamuhla kanye nokuphepha kwe-cyber.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, umqondo wokuvimbela izikhali zenuzi uhlala uyisisekelo samasu amaningi okuphepha amazwe amaningi. Indaba yokwanda kwezikhali zenuzi—kusukela eNyakatho Korea kuya ekungezwani kwezinye izifunda—ayinakuhlukaniswa nokuguquguquka okwasungulwa ngesikhathi seMpi Yomshoshaphansi. Ngomqondo othile, iMpi Yomshoshaphansi yasifundisa ukuthi umhlaba ungabhekana “nempi engenampi,” lapho ukuncintisana kuqhubeka khona ngaphansi komkhawulo wempi evulekile.
Isiphetho
IMpi Yomshoshaphansi yakha ubudlelwano bamazwe ngamazwe besimanje ngesimiso se-bipolar, umjaho wezikhali zenuzi, izimpi zommeli, ukulwa nethonya emazweni asanda kuzimela, kanye nokuqiniswa kwendima yenkulumo-ze kanye ne-diplomacy yezinkinga. Nakuba ingxabano isiphelile, umthelela wayo usazwakala ezinhlakeni zomfelandawonye, imikhuba yokuphepha yomhlaba wonke, kanye nendlela amazwe abona ngayo izinsongo kanye nethonya. Ukuqonda iMpi Yomshoshaphansi akuyona nje isifundo somlando, kodwa futhi isifundo samaphethini omncintiswano wamandla aqhubeka nokuvela ngezindlela ezintsha esiteji samazwe ngamazwe. Ngakho-ke, iMpi Yomshoshaphansi isebenza njengelensi ebalulekile yokuhlola ukuthi amandla, imibono, kanye nezintshisekelo kuhlangana kanjani ukuze kulolongwe ukuhleleka komhlaba wonke—okwedlule, okwamanje, kanye nekusasa.
