Imibono Yezepolitiki kanye Nokuguquguquka Kobudlelwano Namazwe Ngamazwe
Imibono yezombusazwe iyiqoqo lemibono, izindinganiso, nezinkolelo ezisekela indlela izwe elibheka ngayo umhlaba futhi linqume ukuthi lenza kanjani ngaphakathi nangaphandle. Ebudlelwaneni bamazwe ngamazwe, imibono ayisebenzi nje kuphela "njengobunjalo" bombuso, kodwa futhi njengomthombo wokufaneleka, umshayeli wenqubomgomo, kanye nethuluzi lokwakha ubumbano noma ukuvusa izingxabano. Ngenkathi ukuhlaziya okuningi kwanamuhla kugcizelela izintshisekelo zezwe kanye nezici zezomnotho njengezinto eziyinhloko ezinquma inqubomgomo yangaphandle, umlando ubonisa ukuthi imibono yezombusazwe ivame ukusebenza njengelensi ebumba incazelo "yezintshisekelo" ngokwayo. Ngakho-ke, ukuqonda imibono yezombusazwe kusisiza siqonde ukuguquguquka kobudlelwano bamazwe ngamazwe ngokuphelele.
Imibono njengohlaka lokucabanga kombuso
Empeleni, imibono inikeza uhlaka lokucabanga: obani abangabangane nokuthi obani abayizitha, yiziphi izindinganiso okufanele zikhuthazwe, nokuthi uhlelo lwamazwe ngamazwe kufanele luhlelwe kanjani. Amazwe asekelwe ekubuseni, isibonelo, athambekele ekugcizeleleni intando yeningi, amalungelo abantu, kanye nokuhweba okukhululekile njengezimiso eziyinhloko. Okwamanje, amazwe anezimo eziqinile zobuzwe angase abeke phambili ubukhosi, ukuphepha, kanye nobunikazi besizwe. Amazwe anombono wobusoshalisti noma wobukhomanisi akhuthaza umbono wokulingana kwezomnotho kanye nendima ebalulekile kuhulumeni, futhi avame ukugxeka izakhiwo zomnotho zomhlaba wonke ezibhekwa njengezixhaphazayo.
Le mibono ehlukene yemibono ithonya indlela amazwe ahlola ngayo izinsongo namathuba. Izivumelwano zokuhweba zingase ziqondwe njengamathuba okukhula ngokubambisana ngaphansi kombono wenkululeko, kodwa zingase zibhekwe njengezinsongo ezimbonini zasekhaya ngaphansi kombono wokuvikela noma wobuzwe. Ukungenelela kobuntu emhlabeni wonke kungabhekwa njengesibopho sokuziphatha ngamanye amazwe, kodwa kungabhekwa njengokwephulwa kobukhosi ngamanye amazwe. Lokhu kusho ukuthi imibono ayihlali inquma isenzo ngokuzenzakalelayo, kodwa ithonya ulimi, ukulandisa, kanye nokuvunyelwa kwenqubomgomo yezangaphandle.
Kusukela Empini Yomshoshaphansi Kuya Enkathini Yangemva Kokuhwebelana Kwembulunga Yonke
Isibonelo esicacile sendima yemibono ebuhlotsheni bamazwe ngamazwe sibonakala eMpini Yomshoshaphansi. Umbango phakathi kwe-United States neSoviet Union wawungewona nje umzabalazo wethonya lezwe kwezepolitiki, kodwa futhi wawungumzabalazo wemibono phakathi kobungxowankulu obukhululekile kanye nobukhomanisi. Ukubambisana kwezempi, usizo lwezomnotho, inkulumo-ze, kanye nokusekelwa kwemibuso ethile ezifundeni ezahlukene konke kwakuyingxenye yemizamo yokwandisa amamodeli ayo ezepolitiki. Izingxabano zasendaweni e-Asia, e-Afrika, naseLatin America zazivame "ukudonselwa" emncintiswaneni wemibono womhlaba wonke.
Kodwa-ke, ukuphela kweMpi Yomshoshaphansi akuzange kuyiqede ngokuphelele indima yemibono. Iminyaka yawo-1990 kanye nasekuqaleni kwawo-2000 yayiphawulwe yithemba mayelana nokuhlanganiswa komhlaba kanye nokwanda kwezikhungo zamazwe ngamazwe ezikhululekile. Amazwe amaningi akhuthazwa ukuba amukele intando yeningi yokhetho kanye nezomnotho zemakethe, kokubili ngenxa yezidingo zasekhaya kanye nezidingo zosizo kanye nokutshalwa kwezimali. Kodwa-ke, intuthuko eyalandela yabonisa ukuthi ukuhlanganiswa komhlaba wonke kwakunezinselelo: ukwanda kobuzwe, ukuvikela, kanye nobuzwe ezingxenyeni ezahlukene zomhlaba. Lokhu kuguquguquka kuphinda kubonise ukuthi imibono iyisici esibalulekile ekuhleleni kabusha ubudlelwano phakathi kwezizwe.
Imibono kanye Nokwakhiwa Kwezivumelwano Zamazwe Ngamazwe
Ubumbano lwamazwe ngamazwe luvame ukwakhiwa hhayi nje kuphela ezintweni zokuphepha, kodwa futhi nasemibonweni noma ezindinganisweni ezihlanganyelwe. AmaDemokhrasi athambekele ekuthembeni amanye amaDemokhrasi kalula ngenxa yezindlela zezepolitiki ezihlanganyelwe kanye nezindinganiso ezithile zokusobala. Umqondo "wokuthula kwentando yeningi," isibonelo, uthi amazwe entando yeningi awavamile ukulwa wodwa, yize lo mqondo usaphikiswana futhi awusebenzi kuzo zonke izimo.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukufana kwemibono kungasetshenziswa futhi ukwakha ubumbano oluphikisana nobukhosi. Amazwe azizwa encishwe amathuba ngenxa yokuhleleka okuthile komhlaba wonke angakha ubudlelwano namanye amazwe abelana ngendaba efanayo yokumelana, naphezu kwezinhlelo zezepolitiki zasekhaya ezihlukene. Empeleni, izintshisekelo zamasu nezomnotho zihlala ziqinile, kodwa imibono iyasiza ekwakheni ubumbano "njengelunencazelo" futhi olunenhloso ngokomlando, kunokuba kube nje ukuthengiselana.
Imibono Njengomthombo Wezingxabano Nokuhlukana
Imibono ayigcini nje ngokuhlanganisa kodwa futhi iyahlukanisa. Uma isizwe sibona izindinganiso zaso njengezisongelwa, impendulo yaso ingaba nolaka noma ukuzivikela. Ukuhlukana kwemibono kungadala inkinga yezokuphepha: uhlangothi olulodwa luqinisa izivumelwano noma ezempi egameni "lokuvikela izindinganiso," kanti olunye lukubona njengosongo lokukhulisa.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, imibono ivumela izifundazwe ukuthi zithethelele izenzo eziphikisanayo. Ukungenelela kwezempi kungabonakala endabeni "yokuletha intando yeningi" noma "ukuchoboza usongo lobudlova," kuyilapho ukuqinisa ukulawula kwezepolitiki kwasekhaya kungathethelelwa njengomzamo wokuvikela ukuzinza kwezwe kanye nobunikazi "ethonyeni langaphandle." Ngenxa yokuthi imibono isebenza ezingeni lokuziphatha kanye nobunikazi, izingxabano ezivela kuyo zivame ukuba nzima ukuzixazulula kunezingokoqobo kuphela.
Amandla Athambile, Inkulumo-ze, kanye Nempi Yezindaba
Ebuhlotsheni bamazwe ngamazwe banamuhla, imibono ivame ukuvezwa ngamandla athambile: ukukhanga kwamasiko, amamodeli entuthuko, imfundo, abezindaba, kanye nezingxoxo zomphakathi. Amazwe alwela ukukhuthaza isithombe sokuthi izinhlelo zawo zezepolitiki kanye nezindinganiso ziphakeme noma zinobuntu kakhulu. Le mizamo ingabonakala ekusizeni intuthuko, ezinhlelweni zezifundo, ukusatshalaliswa kwabezindaba emhlabeni jikelele, kanye nokubambisana kwezobuchwepheshe.
Esikhathini sedijithali, impi yokulandisa isibe yinkimbinkimbi kakhulu. Ulwazi lusakazeka ngokushesha ngaphesheya kwemingcele, futhi izinhlaka ezingezona ezesifundazwe—izinkampani zobuchwepheshe, iziteshi zezindaba zomhlaba wonke, abantu abanethonya, kanye namaqembu ezishoshovu—zinegalelo ekwakheni umbono womphakathi. Imibono ayisakhiqizwa yizifundazwe kuphela kodwa iyancintisana emkhakheni womphakathi womhlaba wonke. Ngenxa yalokho, ukuguquguquka kobudlelwano bamazwe ngamazwe kuthonywa kakhulu umbono womphakathi owakhiwe ngokuphikisana kwezingxoxo eziwela imingcele.
Imibono, Umnotho Wezepolitiki Womhlaba Wonke, kanye Nobulungiswa Bomhlaba Wonke
Inqubomgomo yezomnotho yamazwe ngamazwe nayo igxile emibonweni. Izingxoxo mayelana nezimakethe ezikhululekile ngokumelene nokuvikela, indima yombuso emnothweni, intela yomhlaba wonke, ukuguquka kwamandla, ngisho nokulawulwa kobuchwepheshe konke kuvela ekucabangeni kwemibono. Isibonelo, izinqubomgomo zokususa imithetho kanye nokukhululeka kwezohwebo ziqhutshwa yinkolelo yokuthi izimakethe zizokhiqiza ukusebenza kahle kanye nokuchuma. Ngokuphambene nalokho, izindlela eziningi zokungenelela zigcizelela ukuvikelwa kwabasebenzi, ukuzimela kwezimboni eziqondisayo, kanye nokulingana.
Ezindabeni zomhlaba wonke njengokushintsha kwesimo sezulu, imibono ithonya indlela amazwe ahlola ngayo umthwalo wemfanelo womlando kanye nokwabelana ngemithwalo. Amazwe asathuthuka avame ukugcizelela ubulungiswa kanye nelungelo lokukhula, kuyilapho amazwe athuthukile ecindezela izibopho ezibanzi zokunciphisa ukukhishwa kwegesi. Imibono "ngentuthuko" ngokwayo—kungakhathaliseki ukuthi kufanele isekelwe ekukhuleni komnotho okusheshayo noma ekusimeni kwesikhathi eside—nayo ibonisa izintandokazi zemibono.
Indima Yabadlali Abangebona Ohulumeni kanye Nemibono Yamazwe Ngamazwe
Ubudlelwano bamazwe ngamazwe namuhla budlulela ngale nje kwamazwe ahlukene. Izinhlangano zamazwe ngamazwe, ama-NGO, izinkampani zamazwe ngamazwe, ngisho namaqembu emibono yamazwe ngamazwe athonya uhlelo lomhlaba wonke. Izinhlangano zemvelo, ubufemini bomhlaba wonke, ubuzwe bokuhlakazeka, kanye nobudlova obusekelwe kubunikazi kubonisa ukuthi imibono ingadlula imingcele yamazwe.
Izinhlangano ezingezona ezombusazwe zingaqinisa noma zenze buthaka inqubomgomo yezangaphandle yezwe. Ukusekelwa kwamazwe ngamazwe ngezindaba zamalungelo abantu kungacindezela ngokwezombusazwe, kuyilapho amanethiwekhi ebhizinisi omhlaba wonke engalwela ukuqedwa kwemithetho noma imikhawulo ethile. Kwezinye izimo, imibono yamazwe ngamazwe nayo iyingozi kwezokuphepha, ikhuthaza ukubambisana kobunhloli phakathi kwemingcele kanye nezinqubomgomo zokulwa nobandlululo.
I-Indonesia kanye Nesikhundla Semibono Enqubomgomo Yezangaphandle
Esimweni sase-Indonesia, inqubomgomo yezangaphandle "ezimele futhi esebenzayo" ingaqondwa njengokukhetha okungokwemibono nokuhlelekile: ukwenqaba ukuzithoba emaqenjini amakhulu amandla ngenkathi uphishekela ukuthula nokubambisana kwamazwe ngamazwe ngenkuthalo. I-Pancasila, njengembono kahulumeni, iphinde inikeze isisekelo sezindinganiso ezifana nobuntu, ubunye, kanye nobulungiswa bezenhlalo, okubonakala esimweni se-Indonesia ngendaba yasePalestina, ukugxila kwe-ASEAN, kanye nokuzibophezela ekubuseni kwamazwe amaningi.
Noma kunjalo, i-Indonesia iyaqhubeka nokubhekana namaqiniso omhlaba oncintisanayo. Inqubomgomo yezangaphandle kumele ilinganisele izindinganiso nezintshisekelo: ukuhweba, ukutshalwa kwezimali, ukuphepha kolwandle, kanye nokuphepha kwamandla. Yilapho imibono yezombusazwe isebenza khona njengekhampasi, kuyilapho isu lisebenza njengomhlahlandlela. Uma lokhu kokubili kuhambisana, izingxoxo zezombusazwe ziba zihambisana futhi zithembeke kakhudlwana; lapho zingqubuzana, inqubomgomo yezangaphandle ithambekele ekubonakaleni ingacacile noma isabela ngendlela exakile.
Isiphetho
Imibono yezepolitiki iyisici esibalulekile ekushintsheni kobudlelwano bamazwe ngamazwe ngoba ibumba indlela amazwe aqonda ngayo umhlaba, abeka izinto eziza kuqala, akhe izivumelwano, futhi athethelele izenzo zawo. Ngenkathi izintshisekelo zezinto ezibonakalayo njengokuphepha kanye nezomnotho zivame ukuba namandla, imibono inikeza incazelo, izindaba, kanye nokuba semthethweni okwenza inqubomgomo yangaphandle yamukeleke kokubili ezilalelini zasekhaya nezamazwe ngamazwe. Phakathi koshintsho lomhlaba wonke—ukuncintisana kwamandla amakhulu, ukuphazamiseka kwezobuchwepheshe, inkinga yesimo sezulu, kanye nokuhlukaniswa kolwazi—indima yemibono ibonakala ngokwengeziwe ngezimpi zezindaba kanye nokungqubuzana ngamamodeli okubusa. Ngokuqonda imibono, singayifunda hhayi nje njengenkundla "enqobayo", kodwa futhi njengokuphikisana kwemibono mayelana nendlela umhlaba okufanele ubuswe ngayo.
