Li-Transformer Limeleng tsa Matla a Motlakase oa Metsi: Phetoho ea Motlakase bakeng sa Kabo ea Matla
Li-hydroelectric power plants (PLTA) li tsejoa e le mohloli o tšepahalang, o sebetsang hantle, le o mosa tikolohong. Leha ho le joalo, katleho ea hydroelectric power plant ha e itšetlehe feela ka boteng ba metsi le ts'ebetso ea jenereithara ea turbine. Ka mor'a ts'ebetso ea tlhahiso ea motlakase, ho na le karolo ea bohlokoa e nolofalletsang matla a motlakase a hlahisoang ho ajoa ka katleho malapeng, liindastering le litsing tsa sechaba: transformer. Li-transformer li bapala karolo ea ho fetola maemo a motlakase ho lumellana le phetiso le kabo ea sebaka se selelele ho bareki. Sengoloa sena se tšohla mesebetsi, mefuta, melao-motheo ea ts'ebetso, le karolo ea maano ea li-transformer lits'ebetsong tsa matla a motlakase oa metsi.
Karolo ea Li-Transformer Ketane ea Matla a Motlakase oa Metsi
Ka kakaretso, setsi sa motlakase sa metsi (PLTA) se qala ka metsi a phallang ka har'a penstock ebe se fetola turbine. Ebe turbine e khanna jenereithara ho hlahisa motlakase. Motlakase o hlahisoang ke setsi sa motlakase sa metsi (PLTA) hangata o bohareng (mohlala, 6,6 kV, 11 kV, 13,8 kV, kapa 20 kV), ho latela moralo oa setsi.
Bothata ke hore, ho fetisa motlakase ka motlakase o mahareng ka maeto a malelele ho fella ka tahlehelo e kholo ea motlakase. Mona ke moo li-transformer li bang tsa bohlokoa. Ka ho eketsa motlakase (step-up), motlakase o ka fokotsoa bakeng sa matla a tšoanang, ka hona ho fokotsa tahlehelo meleng ea phetisetso. Hang ha motlakase o fihla setsing sa mojaro, transformer e 'ngoe e theola motlakase ho ea boemong bo sireletsehileng le bo loketseng marang-rang a kabo le tšebeliso ea bareki.
Ke Hobane'ng ha Voltage e Lokela ho Fetoha?
Sistimi ea motlakase, matla a sebetsang a ka utloisisoa habonolo ka kamano ea mantlha:
P = V × I
Ho fetisa matla a tšoanang P, haeba motlakase oa V o eketsoa joale motlakase oa I oa fokotseha. Litahlehelo ho li-conducter tsa phetisetso li bakoa haholo-holo ke ho futhumatsa (litahlehelo) tseo bongata ba tsona bo lekanang le:
Ploss = I² × R
Sena se bolela hore haeba motlakase o fokotseha, tahlehelo e fokotseha ka mahlakore a mane. Ka hona, ho eketsa motlakase ke leano la bohlokoa bakeng sa phetiso e sebetsang hantle ea motlakase oa sebaka se selelele. Li-transformer li nolofalletsa ts'ebetso ena ka tahlehelo e tlase haholo, e leng se lumellang sistimi ea motlakase ho sebetsa ka mokhoa o itekanetseng.
Molao-motheo oa ho Sebetsa oa Transformer
Li-transformer li sebetsa ho latela tlhahiso ea motlakase. Likarolo tsa mantlha tsa transformer li na le:
1. Koili ea mantlha: e amohela motlakase ho tsoa mohloling (mohlala, jenereithara).
2. Koili ea bobeli: e hlahisa motlakase o lakatsehang oa tlhahiso.
3. Motsoako oa Ferromagnetic: tsela ea flux ea makenete ho matlafatsa khokahano ea makenete pakeng tsa mantlha le ea bobeli.
Ha motlakase o fapanyetsanang (AC) o phalla ka har'a coil ea mantlha, ho thehoa phallo ea makenete e fetohang ka har'a khubu. Phallo ena e fetohang e baka motlakase ka har'a coil ea bobeli. Karolelano ea motlakase e khethoa ke karolelano ea palo ea liphetho:
V₁ / V₂ = N₁ / N₂
Haeba palo ea liphetho tsa bobeli e le kholo ho feta tsa mantlha, motlakase o tla eketseha (step-up). Haeba li le nyane, motlakase o tla fokotseha (step-down). Hobane li-transformer li sebetsa ho AC, matla a ka "fetisoa" lipakeng tsa likhoele ntle le ho kopana ka kotloloho le motlakase, e leng se ntlafatsang polokeho le karohano.
Transformer ea Step-Up ho Substation ea Feme ea Matla a Motlakase
Mofuta oa bohlokoa ka ho fetisisa oa transformer setsing sa motlakase oa metsi ke transformer e nyolohang, eo hangata e fumanehang ka har'a switchyard kapa setsing se senyenyane. Mosebetsi oa eona ke ho eketsa motlakase oa tlhahiso ea jenereithara ho ea ho motlakase oa phetisetso, mohlala, ho 70 kV, 150 kV, 275 kV, kapa esita le 500 kV, ho latela sistimi ea marang-rang e sebeletsoang.
Mothating ona, transformer e tlameha ho etsoa hore e mamelle maemo a thata a mosebetsi, ho kenyeletsoa:
– Mejaro e meholo le e tswelang pele ho ya ka bokgoni ba jenereithara.
– Mathata a tsamaiso a kang lehalima, ho phahama ha motlakase, kapa lipotoloho tse kgutshwane marangrang.
– Litlhoko tse phahameng tsa ho kenya mocheso ka lebaka la li-voltage tse phahameng tsa ts'ebetso.
– Pholiso e atlehang hobane tahlehelo ea koporo le tahlehelo ea mantlha li hlahisa mocheso.
Li-transformer tsa motlakase lifemeng tsa motlakase oa metsi hangata li sebelisa oli ea transformer e le sesebelisoa sa ho thibela le ho folisa. Sistimi ea ho pholisa e ka ba ONAN (Oil Natural Air Natural), ONAF (Oil Natural Air Forced), kapa OFAF (Oil Forced Air Forced), ho latela tlhahiso ea motlakase le maemo a ts'ebetso.
Transformer ea Yuniti le Tlhophiso ea Moloko
Litsing tse kholo tsa motlakase oa metsi, ho sebelisoa sebopeho sa yuniti ea jenereithara le transformer, moo jenereithara e le 'ngoe e hokahaneng ka ho toba le transformer e le 'ngoe e kholo ea mohato o phahameng. Sebopeho sena se ntlafatsa ts'epahalo 'me se nolofatsa tšireletso, kaha ho hloleha ha yuniti e le 'ngoe ha ho bolele hore ho koala fektheri eohle.
Ho phaella moo, di-transformer tse ding di ka sebediswa tse kang:
– Transformer ea Tšebeletso ea Seteishene: e fana ka litlhoko tsa ka hare tsa fektheri ea motlakase oa metsi (lipompo, litsamaiso tsa taolo, mabone, pholiso, li-valve, jj.).
– Transformer e Thusang: e fana ka meroalo e thusang nakong ea ho qala kapa ha yuniti e itseng e sa sebetse.
– Transformer e thellang (ka dibopeho tse itseng): e thusa ka ho thella ha sistimi le botsitso ba tshebetso.
Transformer e theohelang tlase bakeng sa Kabo ea Matla
Kamora hore matla a motlakase a fetisetsoe ka motlakase o phahameng mme a fihle sebakeng sa mojaro, motlakase o lokela ho fokotsoa butle-butle. Ts'ebetso ena ea ho theoha butle-butle e etsahala liteisheneng tse nyane tsa phetisetso le kabo, ho fihlela e fihla motlakaseng o sebelisoang ke bareki, mohlala:
– Motlakase o mahareng oa kabo: 20 kV kapa 11 kV
– Motlakase o tlase bakeng sa lelapa: 230/400 V (ho latela maemo a lehae)
Leha di-transformer tse theohelang tlase hangata di sa fumanehe dipolanteng tsa motlakase wa metsi, di ntse di le karolo ya ketane ya eneji e qalang polanteng ya motlakase wa metsi. Ntle le di-transformer tsa kabo, motlakase o ke ke wa sebediswa ka polokeho le ho tsamaellana le disebediswa tsa bareki.
Tšireletso le Tšepo ea Li-Transformer Limeleng tsa Matla a Motlakase oa Metsi
Kaha di-transformer di tura ebile ke dikarolo tsa bohlokwa, ditsamaiso tsa tsona tsa tshireletso di bohlokwa. Di-transformer tsa motlakase wa metsi ka kakaretso di na le:
– Buchholz relay: e lemoha khase ka lebaka la liphoso tsa ka hare ho li-transformer tsa oli.
– Tšireletso ea phapang (87T): e lemoha liphapang maqhubung a mantlha-a bobeli a bontšang liphoso tsa ka hare.
– Tšireletso ea ho phalla ha motlakase o feteletseng le liphoso tsa lefats'e: tšireletso khahlanong le ho phalla ha motlakase o feteletseng le liphoso tsa lefats'e.
– Ho lekola mocheso: ho lekola mocheso oa oli le mapheo ho thibela ho chesa haholo.
– Sethibela-mafu: se mamella ho phahama ha motlakase ka lebaka la lehalima kapa ho chencha.
Ntle le tshireletso, tlhokomelo ya kamehla e bohlokwa bakeng sa nako e telele ya transformer. Teko ya boleng ba oli (DGA—Dissolved Gas Analysis), ditekanyo tsa ho hanyetsa ho kwahela, diteko tsa karolelano ya ho kgutla, le diteko tsa sistimi ya ho phodisa ke mekgwa e tlwaelehileng ya ho thibela ho hloleha.
Bokgoni le Tšusumetso ea Moruo
Li-transformer tsa sejoale-joale li na le bokhoni bo phahameng, hangata li feta 98–99% tlas'a maemo a itseng a mojaro. Leha ho le joalo, hobane li-transformer li sebetsa ka ho tsoelang pele, esita le tahlehelo e nyane e ka ba le tšusumetso e kholo holim'a matla a selemo le selemo le litšenyehelo tsa ts'ebetso. Mefuta e 'meli e meholo ea tahlehelo ke:
1. Tahlehelo ea mantlha: e etsahala esita le ntle le mojaro, e susumetsoa ke thepa ea mantlha le motlakase.
2. Tahlehelo ea koporo: e eketseha ka moroalo ka lebaka la tšusumetso ea hona joale ho winding.
Moelelong oa lifeme tsa motlakase oa metsi, tseo hangata li sebetsang e le lijenereithara tsa mojaro oa motheo kapa balaoli ba mojaro, maano a taolo ea ts'ebetso ea transformer—mohlala, ho khetha bokhoni bo nepahetseng le ho netefatsa hore ho pholisa hantle—li na le tšusumetso e kholo katlehong ea sistimi ka kakaretso.
Qetello
Li-transformer ke likarolo tsa bohlokoa lifemeng tsa motlakase oa metsi, tse hokahanyang ts'ebetso ea tlhahiso ea motlakase le litlhoko tsa phetiso le kabo ea matla. Ka bokhoni ba ho eketsa motlakase qetellong ea tlhahiso (step-up) le ho tšehetsa phokotso ea motlakase haufi le moreki (step-down), li-transformer li netefatsa kabo ea matla e sebetsang hantle, e sireletsehileng le e tšepahalang. Ntle le mosebetsi oa tsona oa mantlha oa ho fetola motlakase, li-transformer lifemeng tsa motlakase oa metsi le tsona li tlameha ho khona ho mamella liphephetso tsa ts'ebetso e boima, li hlomelloa ka tšireletso e matla, 'me li tšehetsoe ke tlhokomelo ea kamehla ho netefatsa ts'epo ea nako e telele.
Qetellong, liturbine le lijenereithara li "hlahisa" motlakase, empa ke li-transformer tse nolofalletsang motlakase oo ho tsamaea maeto a malelele le ho sebelisoa haholo. Ntle le li-transformer, motlakase oa metsi o ne o tla thatafalloa ho fihlella sechaba ka katleho - ho etsa hore li-transformer e be tšiea ea bohlokoa ea litsamaiso tsa motlakase tsa sejoale-joale.
