Karolo ea Macrophages Tsamaisong ea 'Mele ea ho Sireletsa Lisele
Pendahuluan
Sistimi ea 'mele ea ho itšireletsa mafung ke pokello ea likarolo tsa baeloji tse sebetsang ho sireletsa 'mele mafung le litšoaetsong tse fapaneng, ebang li bakoa ke livaerase, libaktheria, li-fungus, kapa likokoana-hloko. Har'a lisele tse fapaneng tse amehang tsamaisong ea 'mele ea ho itšireletsa mafung, li-macrophage ke e 'ngoe ea likarolo tsa bohlokoa ka ho fetisisa. Li-macrophage ke lisele tse kholo tsa phagocytic tse nang le bokhoni ba ho ja le ho senya likokoana-hloko, hammoho le ho bapala karolo ho ruruha le ho lokisoeng ha lisele. Sengoloa sena se tla hlalosa ka botebo karolo ea li-macrophage tsamaisong ea 'mele ea ho itšireletsa mafung, ho kenyeletsoa phagocytosis, tlhahiso ea antigen, le tlhahiso ea cytokine.
Macrophage ke eng?
Macrophage ke mofuta oa sele e tšoeu ea mali e sebetsang e le li-phagocyte. Li simoloha ho li-monocyte, mofuta oa sele e etellang pele maling e fallelang liseleng tsa 'mele ebe e ikhetholla ho ba li-macrophage. Macrophage e ka fumanoa hoo e batlang e le liseleng tsohle tsa 'mele, ka lipalo tse fapaneng ho latela maemo le tikoloho e nyane ea lehae.
Lebitso "macrophage" le tsoa ho Segerike: "macro" e bolelang e kholo le "phage" e bolelang moji. Joalokaha lebitso le bontša, macrophage e sebetsa ka ho "ja" likaroloana tse tsoang linaheng tse ling, lisele tse shoeleng le lithōle tse ling tsa sele, e ntša likarolo tse ka bang kotsi liseleng tsa 'mele.
Mesebetsi e Meholo ea Macrophages
1. Phagocytosis:
Mosebetsi o ka sehloohong oa macrophages ke phagocytosis, e leng mokhoa oa ho koenya le ho sila likaroloana tse tsoang linaheng tse ling, likokoana-hloko, kapa lithōle tsa sele. Ka mor'a ho ja likaroloana tse tsoang linaheng tse ling, macrophages a li arola likaroloana tse nyenyane tse ka siloang le ho felisoa ke 'mele. Ka mokhoa ona, macrophages e phetha karolo ea ho hloekisa lisele tsa likokoana-hloko le ho boloka tikoloho e hloekileng ea sele.
2. Tlhahiso ea Antigen:
Ntle le ho sebetsa e le li-phagocyte, li-macrophage li boetse li sebetsa e le lisele tse hlahisang li-antigen (li-APC). Ka mor'a ho ja likokoana-hloko, li-macrophage li sebetsana le ho bontša likaroloana tsa li-antigen holim'a lisele tsa tsona li sebelisa limolek'hule tse kholo tsa histocompatibility complex class II (MHC II). Li-antigen tsena tse hlahisitsoeng li tsejoa ke lisele tsa T-helper, tse hlahisang karabelo ea 'mele ea ho itšireletsa mafung e ikamahanyang le maemo, ho kenyeletsoa le ho kenya tšebetsong lisele tsa T le lisele tsa B.
3. Ho Ntša ha Cytokine:
Macrophage e boetse e hlahisa le ho lokolla mefuta e fapaneng ea li-cytokine, e leng sesupo sa limolek'hule tse bapalang karolo puisanong lipakeng tsa lisele tsa 'mele tse itšireletsang mafung. Li-cytokine tse hlahisoang ke li-macrophage li kenyelletsa li-interleukin (ILs), tumor necrosis factor (TNF), le li-interferons (IFNs). Li-cytokine tsena li thusa ho laola ho ruruha le ho hokahanya karabelo ea 'mele ea' mele ea ho itšireletsa mafung tšoaetsong kapa kotsi.
Mokhoa oa Phagocytosis ho Macrophages
Phagocytosis ke ts'ebetso e rarahaneng le e hokahaneng hantle e kenyeletsang mekhahlelo e 'maloa:
1. Chemotaxis:
Macrophage e fallela libakeng tsa tšoaetso kapa ho ruruha ha eona ka lebaka la matšoao a chemotactic, e leng lintho tse ka bakang ho ruruha kapa lihlahisoa tsa likokoana-hloko.
2. Tlama le Selelekela:
Macrophage e sebelisa li-receptor tse itseng ho lemoha le ho tlama likokoana-hloko kapa lisele tse senyehileng. Li-receptor tsena li kenyelletsa Li-Receptor tsa Pattern Recognition (PRRs), tse lemohang Lipaterone tsa Limolek'hule tse Amanang le Pathogen (PAMPs) holim'a likokoana-hloko.
3. Ho tsieleha:
Kamora ho lemoha le ho kenyelletsa pathogen, macrophage e hlahisa pseudopodia ho potoloha karoloana le ho etsa phagocytic vesicle e bitsoang phagosome.
4. Ho hola le ho kopanya:
Phagosome ebe e kopana le lysosome, e nang le dienzyme tsa hydrolytic le dintho tse thibelang dikokwana-hloko, e leng se etsang phagolysosome. Ka hare ho phagolysosome, pathogen e senngwa ke tikoloho e matla ya asiti le enzymatic.
5. Tšilo ea lijo le ho ntša metsi:
Dikarolo tse senyehileng tsa pathogen di ntoo silwa mme di tloswa sele, ebang ke ka exocytosis kapa ka ho hlahiswa e le di-antigen hodima macrophages.
Tlhahiso ea Antigen le Ts'ebetso ea Lisele tsa T
Macrophage ha e felise likokoana-hloko feela ka phagocytosis empa hape e bapala karolo ea bohlokoa ho qaleng karabelo ea 'mele ea ho itšireletsa mafung e ikamahanyang le maemo. Kamora ho sebetsana le phagocytosis le pathogen, macrophage e hlahisa likaroloana tsa antigen holim'a tsona ho sebelisoa limolek'hule tsa MHC II. Limolek'hule tsena tsa MHC II li tsejoa ke li-receptor tsa sele ea T-helper (CD4+), tse hlahisang ts'ebetso le ho ata ha sele ea T-helper.
Lisele tse thusang T tse sebetsang li thusa ho hokahanya karabelo e tobileng le e matla ea 'mele ea ho itšireletsa mafung ka ho kenya tšebetsong lisele tsa B ho hlahisa li-antibodies le lisele tsa T tse nang le chefo (CD8+) ho hlasela lisele tse tšoaelitsoeng. Kahoo, macrophages e bapala karolo ea bohlokoa ho hokahanya litsamaiso tsa 'mele tsa ho itšireletsa mafung tse tsoaloang le tse ikamahanyang le maemo.
Ho ntšitsoe ha Cytokine le ho Buella Ts'ebetso ea ho Futhumala
Macrophages le yona e bapala karolo ho laoleng le ho bueng ha ditsamaiso tsa ho ruruha ka tlhahiso ya di-cytokine tse fapaneng. Di-cytokine tsena di kenyeletsa:
– Interleukin-1 (IL-1): E bapala karolo ho eketseng karabelo ea ho ruruha ka ho susumetsa ho bokellana ha lisele tse ling tsa 'mele sebakeng sa tšoaetso.
– Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha (TNF-α): E hlohlelletsa karabelo ea ho ruruha 'me e ka baka lefu la lisele tse tšoaelitsoeng kapa tsa mofetše.
– Interleukin-6 (IL-6): E na le ditlamorao tsa pleiotropic, ho kenyeletswa le ho hlohlelletsa dikarabelo tsa tlhahiso ya di-antibody le phapang ya disele tsa B.
– Interferon-gamma (IFN-γ): E sebetsa ho eketsa ts'ebetso ea likokoana-hloko tsa macrophages le ho matlafatsa tlhahiso ea antigen.
Ka tlhahiso le tlhahiso ea li-cytokine tsena, li-macrophage li ka laola tikoloho ea ho ruruha le ho netefatsa hore karabelo e nepahetseng ea 'mele ea ho itšireletsa mafung e bolokoa nakong eohle ea tšoaetso kapa ho ruruha.
Macrophages ho Mafu le Kalafo ea Immunotherapy
Ho ameha ha macrophages maemong a fapaneng a pathological joalo ka autoimmune, kankere le mafu a sa foleng ho totobatsa bohlokoa ba ho utloisisa mekhoa ea bona ea ts'ebetso bakeng sa nts'etsopele ea mekhoa e mecha ea phekolo. Mohlala, mafung a autoimmune, macrophages ka linako tse ling a ka bapala karolo ho senyeng lisele tsa 'mele. Ka hona, ho shebana le macrophages ka mekhoa e itseng ea phekolo ea meriana ho ka thusa ho fokotsa ho ruruha le ho fokotsa matšoao a mafu a autoimmune.
Tabeng ea kankere, macrophages tse tsejoang e le li-macrophages tse amanang le hlahala (li-TAM) li fumanoa hangata liseleng tsa hlahala 'me li ka tšehetsa kholo ea hlahala ka ho ntša lintlha tse hlahisang hlahala. Lipatlisiso tsa morao tjena li shebane le ho fetola mosebetsi oa li-TAM ho tloha ho tšehetsa kholo ea hlahala ho ea ho thusa sesole sa 'mele ho loantša kankere.
Qetello
Macrophage ke lisele tsa bohlokoa tsamaisong ea 'mele ea ho itšireletsa mafung, tse nang le mesebetsi e fapaneng ho tloha ho phagocytosis le tlhahiso ea antigen ho isa ho ntšoeng ha cytokine. Ka bokhoni ba tsona ba ho koenya le ho senya likokoana-hloko le ho hokahanya likarabelo tsa 'mele tsa ho itšireletsa mafung tse ikamahanyang le maemo, macrophage e bapala karolo ea ho boloka botšepehi ba 'mele le ho hanyetsa litšokelo tse fapaneng tsa likokoana-hloko. Kutloisiso e felletseng ea mosebetsi oa macrophage le mekhoa ha e bohlokoa feela moelelong oa baeloji ea motheo empa hape e na le litlamorao tse kholo bakeng sa nts'etsopele ea mekhoa ea phekolo ea mafu a tšoaetsanoang, mafu a autoimmune le kankere.
