Maumbirwo uye Mashandiro eMakero Emasero Mukutakura Zvinhu
Kamudzira kesero, kanozivikanwawo seplasma membrane, kanoshanda sechipingamupinyi chakakosha chinoparadzanisa zvikamu zvemukati mesero kubva kune nharaunda yaro yekunze. Hakangotsigiri chete chimiro uye dziviriro asiwo kanoita basa guru mukudzora kutakurwa kwezvinhu kupinda nekubuda musero. Chinyorwa chino chinotarisa muchimiro chakaoma chekamudzira kesero uye chinoongorora mabasa azvo mukutakurwa kwezvinhu, zvichijekesa mashandiro akakosha anotsigira homeostasis yemasero.
Maumbirwo eMakero Emasero
Phospholipid Bilayer
Chimiro chikuru che membrane yesero i phospholipid bilayer, ine zvikamu zviviri zve phospholipid molecules. Molekyu imwe neimwe ye phospholipid ine amphipathic, ine "musoro" unokwezva mvura uye "muswe" unodzivisa mvura. Munzvimbo ine mvura, miswe inodzivisa mvura inotarisana nemukati, yakadzivirirwa kubva mumvura, nepo misoro inodzivisa mvura inotarisana nekunze, ichibatana nenharaunda ine mvura kumativi ese e membrane. Kurongeka uku kunogadzira chipingamupinyi chinopinda mvura zvishoma chinobatsira pakushanda kwe membrane.
MaProteins
Mukati me phospholipid bilayer mune mapuroteni akawanda anoita mabasa akasiyana-siyana. Mapuroteni aya anogona kuiswa muzvikamu zviviri: mapuroteni emukati (mukati) uye ekunze (kunze). Mapuroteni emukati (integral proteins) anotenderera mumembrane yese uye anobatanidzwa mukutakura mamorekuru uye transduction yesignal. Kune rumwe rutivi, mapuroteni ekunze anobatanidzwa kune kunze kana mukati memembrane, achiita basa rekuchengetedza chimiro chesero uye kupa nzvimbo yekumisa mamorekuru akasiyana-siyana esignaling.
Carbohydrate
Mamorekuru emacarbohydrate anowanzo batanidzwa pamwe chete nemapuroteni (glycoproteins) kana lipids (glycolipids) ari kudivi rekunze kwemembrane. Macarbohydrate aya anoita basa guru mukuziva masero, kutaurirana, uye kunamatira. Iyo inonzi glycocalyx (nzvimbo yakapfuma mumacarbohydrate) inoita basa guru mukudzivirira masero uye kuita kuti masero ashande pamwe chete nemamwe masero uye extracellular matrix.
Cholesterol
Mamorekuru echolesterol ari mukati me phospholipid bilayer anowedzera kuomarara uye kuyerera kwemembrane. Nekubatanidza pakati pe phospholipids, cholesterol inobatsira kuchengetedza kusimba kwemembrane uye kuchinjika kwayo pakupisa kwakasiyana-siyana.
Mabasa eSero Membrane muKutakura Zvinhu
Rudzi rwekamera kesero runogona kutenderedza zvishoma rinoita kuti rikwanise kudzora kufamba kwezvinhu zvichipinda nekubuda musero. Pane nzira dzakasiyana-siyana dzinoshandiswa nekamera kuti riite izvi:
Kutakura Kusina Kufamba
Kupararira Kuri Nyore
Kupararira kuri nyore inzira iyo mamorekuru anotama kubva kunzvimbo ine huwandu hwakanyanya kuenda kunzvimbo ine huwandu hwakaderera pasina rubatsiro rwemapuroteni emembrane kana simba rinopinda. Mamorekuru madiki, asiri epolar akadai seokisijeni nekabhoni dioxide anogona kupararira zvakananga mu phospholipid bilayer nekuda kwekuenderana kwawo ne hydrophobic core.
Kuparadzirwa Kwakareruka
Kupararira kwacho kunosanganisirawo kufamba kwezvinhu zvichidzika pasi pehuwandu hwazvo asi kunoda rubatsiro rwemapuroteni chaiwo ekufambisa. Mapuroteni echiteshi anogadzira maburi mumembrane, zvichibvumira maion kana mamorekuru emvura kuti apfuure nepakati. Mapuroteni ekutakura, kune rumwe rutivi, anochinja chimiro chawo kuti atakure mamorekuru makuru kana epolar, akadai seglucose nemaamino acids, kuburikidza nemembrane.
Kutakura Kunoshanda
Kusiyana nekutakura kusingafambi, kutakurwa kunoshanda kunoda simba, kazhinji muchimiro cheadenosine triphosphate (ATP), kuti zvinhu zvifambiswe zvinopesana nehukuru hwazvo. Izvi zvakakosha pakuchengetedza musiyano wehuwandu hunokosha pakushanda kwemasero.
Kutakurwa Kwebasa Kwepakutanga
Kutakurwa kunonyanya kushanda kunosanganisira kushandiswa zvakananga kweATP kuti zvinhu zvifambiswe. Pombi yesodium-potassium (Na+/K+ pombi) muenzaniso unozivikanwa, apo ATP inoshandiswa kupomba maion esodium kubva musero uye maion epotassium kupinda musero, ichichengetedza ma electrochemical gradients akakosha.
Kutakura Kwechipiri Kunoshanda
Kutakura kwechipiri kunoshanda, kunozivikanwawo sekutakura pamwe chete, kunoshandisa simba rinochengetwa mu gradient yechinhu chimwe kuti rifambise kutakurwa kwechimwe. Izvi zvinogona kuitika mumhando mbiri: symport, apo zvinhu zvese zviri zviviri zvinofamba nenzira imwe chete, uye antiport, uko zvinofamba nenzira dzakasiyana. Sodium-glucose co-transporter inoratidza symport, ichishandisa sodium gradient inosimbiswa ne primary active transport kupinza glucose ichipesana ne gradient yayo yehuwandu.
Bulk Transport
Pakufambisa mamorekuru makuru kana zvidimbu, masero anoshandisa nzira dzekutakura zvinhu zvakawanda dzakadai se endocytosis uye exocytosis.
Endocytosis
Endocytosis inzira iyo masero anoputira zvinhu zvekunze nekuzviputira muzvikamu zve membrane yesero, izvo zvinozobva zvaita ma vesicles mukati mesero. Kune marudzi akasiyana e endocytosis:
– Phagocytosis: “Kudya masero,” uko zvidimbu zvikuru kana masero zvinoputirwa.
– Pinocytosis: “Kunwa kwemasero,” uko sero rinotora mvura iri kunze kwemuviri uye zvinhu zvakanyungudutswa.
– Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis: Chimiro chakanyatsojeka apo mapuroteni ereceptor ari pamusoro pesero anobatana nezvinhu zvakati asati apinda mukati.
Exocytosis
Exocytosis inzira yekudzokera shure kwe endocytosis, uko masero anodzinga mamorekuru makuru kana zvidimbu nekubatanidza ma vesicles ane zvinhu izvi ne membrane yesero. Maitiro aya akakosha pakuburitsa ma neurotransmitters, mahormone, uye ma enzymes ekugaya chikafu.
mhedziso
Kamudzira kesero ichimiro chinoshanduka uye chakaoma kunzwisisa chinokosha kuhupenyu hwesero. Rine phospholipid bilayer ine mapuroteni akabatanidzwa, makabhohaidhiretsi, uye cholesterol, rinoshanda sechipingamupinyi chekusarudza uye chinopindirana nekutaurirana. Basa raro mukutakura zvinhu rine mativi akawanda, rinosanganisira nzira dzisingashande uye dzinoshanda pamwe chete nemafambiro ekutakura zvinhu zvakawanda. Nekudzora kufamba kwemamorekuru zvakanaka, kamudzira kesero rinovimbisa kuchengetedza nharaunda yemukati yakagadzikana, zvichiita kuti masero aite mabasa awo akasiyana-siyana zvinobudirira. Kunzwisisa chimiro uye mabasa ekutakura ekamudzira kesero hakungopi ruzivo rwefiziyoloji yemasero chete asiwo kunoisa hwaro hwekufambira mberi mukushandiswa kwekurapa uye kwebiotechnology.
