Anatomy uye Physiology yeNervous System muZvipenyu Zvisina Mutsipa
Sisitimu yetsinga chinhu chakakosha muhupenyu hwemhuka dzese, ichishanda senzvimbo yekudzora mashandiro emuviri uye mhinduro kune zvinokonzeresa nharaunda. Muzvisikwa zvisina mapfupa emusana, kusiyana kwemaumbirwo esisitimu yetsinga uye mashandiro ayo kwakakura seboka racho pacharo, iro rinosanganisira zvisikwa zvinotangira pazviponji zvemugungwa zviri nyore kusvika kumhuka dzakaomarara. Chinyorwa chino chinoongorora maumbirwo uye mashandiro esisitimu yetsinga muzvisikwa zvisina mapfupa emusana, zvichiratidza shanduko dzakasiyana dzinotsigira kurarama kwadzo uye kudyidzana kwadzo nenzvimbo yadzo.
1. General Characteristics
Zvisikwa zvisina mapfupa hazvina mapfupa emusana, asi izvi hazvivadzivisi kuti vave netsinga dzakasimba. Kunyange zvazvo zvimwe zvisikwa zvisina mapfupa emusana zvakaita semasponge (Phylum Porifera) zvisina tsinga dzechokwadi, zvimwe, zvakaita secephalopods (kirasi yeCephalopoda yeMollusca), zvinoratidza kuomarara kwakanyanya kwetsinga dzemusana.
2. Sisitimu Yetsinga Iri Nyore
Kutanga nemaitiro ari nyore, masiponji anomiririra metazoan yekare zvikuru. Masiponji haana ma neuron kana tsinga dzetsinga. Pane kudaro, anovimba nesystem yemasero isingashandise tsinga kuti atumire ruzivo. Mamwe masero akadai se choanocytes (masero ekora) anogadzira mvura inopinda nemumaburi awo, zvichibvumira siponji kuti isefe kudya.
3. Mambure eHydra neTerve
Mhando yakarongeka yetsinga inogona kuonekwa muCnidarians, senge hydra. Zvisikwa izvi zvine neti yetsinga, sisitimu yetsinga yekutanga uye yakaganhurirwa isina uropi hwepakati. Ntsinga dzinobvumira mhinduro dziri nyore uye dzakananga kune zvinokurudzira. Neti ine network yemasero etsinga akabatana (neurons) ayo anobatsira kutapurirana kwema electric impulses. Izvi zvinobvumira cnidarians kuratidza maitiro akareruka akadai sekumanikidzwa uye mafambiro ekurwisa.
4. Platyhelminthes uye Simple Cephalization
Muhonye dzakati sandara (Phylum Platyhelminthes), tinoona kubuda kwekubatana kwemaviri uye cephalization—tsika yekushanduka-shanduka apo sisitimu yetsinga inova yakabatana kune rimwe divi rechinhu, zvichiita uropi hwechinyakare kana kuti ganglia. Maumbirwo aya anobatanidza zvinopinda munzeve uye anoronga kufamba. Honye dzakati sandara dzine sisitimu yetsinga yakaita semanera, uko tambo dzetsinga refu dzinofamba dzichidzika nehurefu hwemuviri uye dzakabatana netsinga dzakachinjika.
5. MaAnnelids uye Masero Etsinga Akapatsanurwa
Sezvatinokwira manera ekushanduka-shanduka, masisitimu etsinga dze annelids (Phylum Annelida) akadai se earthworms anoratidza kuomarara kwakanyanya. Ma annelids ane tsinga dzemudumbu dzine ganglia iri muchikamu. Chikamu chimwe nechimwe chemuviri chine ganglion yaro, iyo inodzora mhinduro dzenzvimbo. Ganglion yecephalic, inowanzonzi 'uropi' hwe annelids, inogadzira ruzivo rwekunzwa uye inobatsira kubatana kwemuviri wese we annelids.
6. Arthropods: Kuomarara kweMaumbirwo uye Mashandiro
MaArthropod (Phylum Arthropoda), anosanganisira zvipembenene, crustaceans, uye arachnids, ane masisitimu etsinga akaomarara. Ane uropi hwakanyatsojeka huri mumusoro, hwakabatana netambo yetsinga yemudumbu uye ganglia iri pakati. Uropi hwearthropod hwakakamurwa kuita nzvimbo dzakagadzirwa dzakadai seprotocerebrum, deutocerebrum, uye tritocerebrum, imwe neimwe ine basa rekugadzirisa mhando dzakasiyana dzezvinopinza manzwiro uye kutungamira mashandiro emota.
Semuenzaniso, sisitimu yetsinga dzezvipembenene inodzora maitiro akaomarara akadai sekubhururuka, kufamba, uye kutaurirana nevanhu. Ine ma neuron angangoita miriyoni imwe, zvichiita kuti mabasa acho ashande kubva pakuita zvinhu zviri nyore kusvika kumabasa epamusoro akadai sekudzidza nekuyeuka.
7. Mollusks: Kurongeka kwakasiyana-siyana kwetsinga dzetsinga
Mollusks (Phylum Mollusca) dzine maitiro akasiyana-siyana ekuoma kwetsinga. Kunyange hazvo gastropods (hozhwa nehozhwa) dzine hurongwa huri nyore hwetsinga dzine ganglia dzakabatana, cephalopods (squid, octopus) dzine hurongwa hwetsinga hwepamusoro-soro pakati pezvisikwa zvisina mapfupa. Cephalopods dzine uropi hukuru, hwakati sandara hune maburi nematurakiti, hunokwanisa kugadzirisa nekudzora maitiro akaomarara akadai sekufukidza, kudzidza munzvimbo, uye kugadzirisa matambudziko.
Masero etsinga eCephalopod anogona kuva nema neuron anosvika hafu yebhiriyoni, ane huwandu hwakawanda huri mumaziso avo akaomarara, ayo anopa kugona kwekuona kwepamusoro. Kugona kwavo kugadzirisa ma chromatophores (masero epigment muganda) kuti vataurirane kana kuti vaonekwe kunoratidza kudzora kwetsinga dzemuviri kwakaoma.
8. Maitiro emuviri
Pasinei nekusiyana-siyana kwekuoma kwetsinga, dzimwe nheyo dzemuviri dzinoshandiswa pazvisikwa zvisina mapfupa. MaNeuron, musimboti wetsinga, anoshanda nekugadzira simba rekuita - shanduko dzinokurumidza musimba rema membrane dzinofamba ne membrane yemasero etsinga. Synapses inobatsira kutapurirana kwezviratidzo izvi pakati pema neuron kana kubva kuma neuron kuenda kumatsandanyama, uchishandisa ma neurotransmitters sevatumwa vemakemikari.
Zvinofambisa mashoko zvakaita seacetylcholine, dopamine, uye serotonin zvinoita basa rakakosha mukugadzirisa mashandiro etsinga nemaitiro, zvichiita kuti mhuka dzisina mapfupa emusana dzikwanise kupindura zvakanonakira nharaunda yadzo.
9. Maonero Ekushanduka-shanduka
Kubva pamaonero ekushanduka-shanduka kwezvinhu, kufambira mberi kwehurongwa hwetsinga mumhuka dzisina mapfupa emusana kunoratidza kufambira mberi kwekuwedzera kurongeka kwenzvimbo imwe chete uye hunyanzvi. Kufambira mberi uku kwekushanduka-shanduka kunotsigira kukura kwemaitiro akaomarara uye mashandiro, zvichigonesa mhuka dzisina mapfupa kuti dzigone kuchinjika kune nzvimbo dzakasiyana-siyana dzenharaunda.
Kushanduka kwemuviri uye kwemuviri kunotsanangura zvinodiwa pakurarama zvakaita sekunzwisisa kwakanyanya kwemanzwiro, kufamba kwakanaka, uye kudyidzana kwakaoma kwevanhu. Masisitimu etsinga ezvipenyu zvisina mapfupa anoratidza nzira dzakasiyana-siyana dzekuchinja, zvichiratidza kubudirira kwazvo mukushanduka-shanduka kwezvakatipoteredza uye kwekushanduka-shanduka munzvimbo dzakasiyana-siyana.
mhedziso
Kudzidza nezvemasisitimu etsinga muzvipenyu zvisina mapfupa kunoratidza mhando dzakasiyana-siyana dzemagadzirirwo etsinga, imwe neimwe yakachinjika kuhupenyu chaihwo nenzvimbo yezvisikwa. Kubva patsinga dzecnidarians kusvika kuhuropi hwakaoma hwecephalopods, masisitimu etsinga asina mapfupa anoratidza hunyanzvi hwezvinhu zvitsva, zvichisimbisa hukama hwakaoma pakati pemaumbirwo, mashandiro, uye kugadziriswa kwezvakatipoteredza. Kunzwisisa marongerwo akasiyana-siyana aya etsinga hakungopi ruzivo rwebiology yezvipenyu zvisina mapfupa asiwo kunovandudza kunzwisisa kwedu kwakakura kwekushanduka kwesisitimu yetsinga uye mashandiro ayo mumarudzi ese ehupenyu.
