Basa uye Maumbirwo eMeristem Tissue muMiti
Miviri yeMeristem mumiti inokosha pakukura nekukura kwemiti, ichibatsira senzvimbo yekuchengetedza masero asina kupatsanurwa, anopatsanurana. Masero aya ane mukana wekusiyana mumarudzi akasiyana-siyana emasero, zvichibatsira pakuumbwa kwenhengo dzemiti nemaumbirwo ayo. Kunzwisisa mashandiro uye chimiro chemiviri yemeristem kwakakosha muminda yakaita seyemiti, kurima, nesainzi yekurima.
1. Basa reMeristem: Injini yeKukura
Meristems ndiyo inokonzera kukura kwezvirimwa, zvose pakureba uye kukura, nekugara ichigadzira masero matsva.
a. Apical Meristem:
Miti yemuti, iri pamucheto wemidzi nemapazi, ndiyo inokonzera kukura kwekutanga, izvo zvinosanganisira kureba kwemuviri wemuti. Mumapazi, muti wemuti wemuti wemuti wekuti apical meristem (SAM) unoburitsa mashizha matsva, maruva, uye madzinde. Mudzi wemuti wekuti apical meristem (RAM) unoburitsa chivharo chemidzi uye midzi yemuti wemuti wemuti wemuti wekuti apical meristem.
b. Meristem yeLateral:
Matinji emumativi anobatsira pakukura kwechipiri, zvichiwedzera kukura kwemuti. Anosanganisira vascular cambium necork cambium. vascular cambium inogadzira matinji matsva etsinga dzeropa (xylem nephloem), zvichiita kuti zvinovaka muviri uye mvura zvifambe zvakanaka mumuti wese. Cork cambium inogadzira chifukidziro chekunze chinodzivirira, senge bark.
c. Meristem yekuwedzera kwekarori:
Maruva emhando ye "intercalary meristems" anowanikwa muma "internodes" euswa nedzimwe mhando dze "monocots", zvichibatsira pakureba kwenzvimbo dze "internodal regions". Anobatsira kukurazve uye kupora kubva pakudya kana kucheka matanda, izvo zvinonyanya kukosha muuswa hunoshandiswa pakudya.
2. Maumbirwo eMeristem Tissue: The Blueprint
Nhengo dzeMeristem dzinoonekwa nemasero akazara, asina kusiyanisa ayo anoratidza kushanda kwakanyanya kwemasero emuviri. Masero aya ane manyuchi akajeka, cytoplasm yakakora, madziro emasero matete, uye mavacuole madiki. Kurongeka kwemaumbirwo emasero emuviri kwakagadziridzwa zvakanaka kuti kutsigire mabasa awo ekukura.
a. Apical Meristem:
Muti we apical meristem (SAM) wakaita sedome uye unowanikwa pamucheto wemuti, wakakomberedzwa nemashizha madiki. Une nzvimbo nhatu dzakasiyana: nzvimbo yepakati (CZ), nzvimbo yeperipheral (PZ), uye nzvimbo yembabvu (RZ). CZ ine masero edzinde, ane mwero wekupatsanurana mudiki, zvichiita kuti masero matsva agare aripo. PZ inosanganisira masero anopatsanurana anoshanda pakugadzira nhengo dzakatarisana dzakadai semashizha. RZ inobatsira masero kuumba maumbirwo emukati memuti.
Kusiyana neizvi, mudzi we apical meristem (RAM) uri seri kwemudzi. RAM ine nzvimbo nhatu huru: nzvimbo yakadzikama (QC), mazita ekutanga akakomberedza, uye nzvimbo yekureba. QC, yakafanana neSAM's CZ, ine masero anokamura zvishoma nezvishoma anochengetedza kugadzikana kwemudzi we meristem. Mazita ekutanga akakomberedza QC uye anokura kuita zvidimbu zvemidzi yekutanga.
b. Meristem yeLateral:
Cambium yeropa inoumba denderedzwa remasero emeristematic rakaita sedenderedzwa pakati pe xylem yechipiri ne phloem. Meristem iyi inotambanuka kwenguva refu ichitevedza midzi nemadzinde, zvichiita kuti kukura kwechipiri kukure. Cork cambium, iyo iriwo denderedzwa rakaita sedenderedzwa, inogara mu cortex yekunze, ichigadzira masero e cork kuti atsive epidermis uye agadzire denderedzwa dzinodzivirira.
c. Meristem yekuwedzera kwekarori:
Maruva emiti akasiyana-siyana akasiyana neanowanikwa pasi pemashizha nemapfundo. Maruva aya anobvumira kukura nekukurumidza uye kuvandudzwa kwezvimiro izvi, zvichiwedzera simba remuti kubva pakukuvadzwa kwemakemikari.
3. Kudzora Chiitiko cheMeristem:
Kudzora kwakaomarara kwemabasa emuviri kunosanganisira kubatana kwezvinhu zvine chekuita nemajini, mahormone, uye nharaunda.
a. Kudzora Majini:
Kutaurwa kwemajini nehurongwa hwekutonga zvinotonga kusiyana kwemasero nekupatsanurwa mukati me meristems. Ma stem cell niches muSAM neRAM anochengetwa nezvinhu zvakaita seWUSCHEL (WUS) neCLAVATA (CLV) muSAM, uye PLETHORA (PLT) muRAM. Majini aya anovimbisa kuenzana pakati pekuwanda kwemasero nekusiyana kwawo.
b. Kudzora Mahormone:
Ma phytohormones, akadai se auxins, cytokinins, uye gibberellins, anoita basa guru mukushanda kwe meristem. Auxins anodzora kureba kwemasero uye akakosha pakusimbisa polarity. Cytokinins anokurudzira kupatsanurwa kwemasero uye anokanganisa kuumbwa kwemuti kubva pamuti kuenda kumidzi. Gibberellins anokurudzira kureba kwemidzi, zvichikonzera kukura kwemasero.
c. Zvinhu Zvinokonzera Kupararira Kwenharaunda:
Zvinhu zvekunze, zvinosanganisira chiedza, simba rinokwevera pasi, uye zvinokurudzira mashandiro emuviri, zvinokanganisa mashandiro emuviri. Zviratidzo zvechiedza zvinodzora photomorphogenesis, zvichipesvedzera mashandiro eSAM uye kukura kwemashizha. Gravitropism inotungamira divi rekukura kwemidzi, ukuwo zvinokurudzira mashandiro akaita semhepo zvichikonzera mhinduro dzinochinjika mukukura kwemuviri.
4. Zvishandiso Zvinoshanda:
Kunzwisisa biology ye meristem kune zvakunobatsira pakurima nekurima hove.
a. Kuvandudza Zvirimwa:
Masero eMeristematic akakosha mukurima masero uye mukugadzira majini. Kurima kweMeristem kunogona kugadzira zvirimwa zvisina mavhairasi kana maklone emhando dzinodiwa, zvichiwedzera kubereka kwezvirimwa uye mhando. Kugadziriswa kwemajini ekuita kwemeristem kunogona kutungamira kune hunhu hwakavandudzika hwakadai sekuwedzera goho, kuramba zvirwere, uye kushivirira kushushikana.
b. Masango nekuchengetedzwa kwemiti:
Mukuchengetedza masango, tsvakurudzo ye meristem inobatsira mukukura kwemarudzi emiti anokura nekukurumidza uye kuchengetedza mhando dzisingawanzoonekwi kuburikidza nekupararira kwemarudzi e clonal. Kuedza kuchengetedza kunobatsirwa nenzira dzekurima meristem kuti dzikure zvirimwa zviri munjodzi nenzira inochengetedza.
c. Kurima:
Nyanzvi dzekurima miriwo dzinoshandisa tissue ye meristematic kuti dzibereke zvirimwa zvekushongedza, zvichiita kuti mhando dzemiti dzinokosheswa dzive dzakaenzana uye dzine hutano. Nzira dzakadai sekubatanidza miriwo dzinoshandisa meristematic kuti dzibatanidze hunhu hunodiwa kubva kumarudzi akasiyana emiti.
mhedziso:
Nyama yeMeristem ndiyo musimboti wekukura nekukura kwezvirimwa. Maumbirwo ayo akaomarara uye mabasa ayo akasiyana-siyana anosimbisa basa rayo guru mukuumba nekuchengetedza magadzirirwo ezvirimwa. Kufambira mberi mukunzwisisa biology yemeristem hakungotsananguri chete maitiro ekutanga ezvirimwa asiwo kunovhura nzira yekugadzira zvitsva mukurima, kurima, uye kuchengetedza zvakatipoteredza. Kuenderera mberi nekutsvaga basa remeristem kune vimbiso yekugadzirisa matambudziko epasi rose mukuchengetedzwa kwechikafu, kugara kwenguva refu, uye manejimendi ezvakatipoteredza.
