Kujambula Zithunzi mu Maphunziro a Zakale
Kujambula malo ndi chimodzi mwa mfundo zofunika kwambiri mu kafukufuku wa zinthu zakale, makamaka pakufukula. Mwachidule, kujambula malo kumaphunzira zigawo za nthaka ndi dothi zomwe zimapangidwa pakapita nthawi. Kwa akatswiri ofukula zinthu zakale, zigawozi si zosonkhanitsa nthaka zokha, koma ndi "zosungiramo zinthu zakale" zomwe zimalemba zochitika za anthu, kusintha kwa chilengedwe, masoka achilengedwe, komanso momwe nyengo imasinthira. Kudzera mu kumvetsetsa kapangidwe ka malo, akatswiri ofukula zinthu zakale amatha kutanthauzira momwe zinthu zakale zimachitikira: zomwe zinachitika poyamba, zomwe zinachitika pambuyo pake, komanso momwe zochitikazi zimagwirizanirana.
Tanthauzo ndi maziko a stratigraphy
Mawu akuti stratigraphy amachokera ku mawu akuti stratum (layer) ndi graphy (description). Mu nkhani ya geology, stratigraphy imagwiritsidwa ntchito kumvetsetsa mbiri ya Dziko Lapansi kudzera mu zigawo za miyala ndi dothi. Kafukufuku wa zinthu zakale amatenga mfundo zomwezo, koma cholinga chake ndi chapadera: kuphunzira zigawo zogwirizana ndi zochita za anthu (malo okhala ndi chikhalidwe) ndi njira zachilengedwe zomwe zimakhudza malo. Zigawo za zinthu zakale nthawi zambiri zimakhala ndi kusakaniza kwa dothi, phulusa, zinyalala za nyumba, zinyalala zapakhomo, zidutswa za ceramic, mafupa, makala, ndi zinthu zina zosiyanasiyana zomwe zakwiriridwa ndi kusinthidwa.
Mfundo yofunika kwambiri yokhudza kuyika zinthu zakale m'matanthwe a pansi ndi lamulo la superposition: pansi pa zinthu zabwinobwino, zigawo zotsika nthawi zambiri zimakhala zakale kuposa zomwe zili pamwamba pake. Komabe, akatswiri ofukula zinthu zakale amaganiziranso za kusokonekera monga kufukula zinthu zakale kwa anthu akale, mizu ya zomera, zochita za nyama, kukokoloka kwa nthaka, kusefukira kwa madzi, kapena zomangamanga zamakono zomwe zimatha "kutembenuza" kapena kusakaniza zigawo.
Nchifukwa chiyani stratigraphy ndi yofunika kwambiri mu kafukufuku wa zinthu zakale?
Kujambula zinthu m'mabwinja kumathandiza akatswiri ofukula zinthu zakale kupanga nthawi yofanana, nthawi yotsatizana ndi malo a zigawo popanda kudziwa tsiku lenileni. Podziwa kuti ndi zigawo ziti zakale ndi zazing'ono, akatswiri ofukula zinthu zakale amatha kuyika zinthu zakale ndi zinthu zina (monga, malo ophikira moto, mabowo a m'mipata, ngalande, pansi pa nyumba) m'nthawi yawo. Nkhaniyi ndi yofunika kwambiri potanthauzira. Dothi lopezeka pamwamba popanda nkhani ya stratigraphic lingakhale chinthu chosasunthika, koma ngati lipezeka mu gawo linalake logwirizana ndi pansi pa nyumba kapena khitchini, zomwe zapezedwazo zimapereka chidziwitso chokhudza moyo, ukadaulo, komanso maukonde amalonda.
Kujambula malo m'njira imeneyi kumathandizanso kwambiri pozindikira gawo la malo okhala. Malo ambiri sagwiritsidwa ntchito kamodzi kokha; amatha kubwerezedwanso, kumangidwanso, kuwotcha, kusiyidwa, ndi kubwezeretsedwanso. Magawo omwe amapangidwa ndi njirazi amatha kuwonetsa kusintha kwa machitidwe a malo okhala, mitundu ya ntchito, ndi kusintha kwa chikhalidwe.
Chikhalidwe cha chikhalidwe ndi chilengedwe
Mu kafukufuku wa zinthu zakale, pali magulu awiri akuluakulu a zinthu zosungidwa: zinthu zachilengedwe ndi zinthu zachikhalidwe. Zinthu zachilengedwe zimaphatikizapo zinthu zosungidwa kuchokera ku kusefukira kwa madzi, kugumuka kwa nthaka, kugwa kwa miyala, kapena kutayidwa kwa mphepo. Zinthu zachikhalidwe zimapangidwa ndi zochita za anthu, monga kutaya zinyalala, kumanga nyumba, kudzaza pansi, kapena kuwotcha zinthu zotsalira.
Kusiyana pakati pa ziwirizi sikumveka bwino nthawi zonse. Mwachitsanzo, madzi osefukira amatha kuphimba malo okhala ndi "kutseka" zigawo zachikhalidwe, kuonetsetsa kuti zisungidwa bwino. Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, zochita za anthu monga kukumba ngalande kapena maziko zimatha kusokoneza zigawo zachilengedwe. Chifukwa chake, kusanthula kwa stratigraphic kumafuna kuwunika mosamala makhalidwe a gawoli: mtundu, kapangidwe kake, kuchuluka kwake, zomwe zili mkati mwake, ndi malire ake.
Lingaliro la nkhani ndi magawo a stratigraphic
Mu machitidwe amakono ofukula zinthu zakale, stratigraphy nthawi zambiri imagawidwa m'magawo otchedwa contexts kapena stratigraphic units. Context ikhoza kukhala dothi limodzi, dzenje, kudzaza, kapena chinthu china chake. Context iliyonse imalembedwa mwatsatanetsatane: malo ake, makulidwe ake, ubale wake ndi contexts zina, ndi zomwe zapezeka. Njira imeneyi imathandiza akatswiri ofukula zinthu zakale kukonzanso mndandanda wa zochitika molondola kwambiri kuposa kungoti "top layer" ndi "bottom layer".
Kuchokera ku zolemba izi, akatswiri ofukula zinthu zakale amatha kupanga Harris Matrix, chithunzi chomwe chikuwonetsa ubale wa stratigraphic pakati pa mayunitsi: omwe amapitilira, omwe amadula, ndi omwe ali amakono. Harris Matrix ndi yothandiza makamaka pa malo ovuta monga mizinda yakale, linga, kapena midzi yomwe yamangidwa mobwerezabwereza.
Njira zofukula pogwiritsa ntchito njira yopangira zinthu
Kufukula zinthu zakale kumatsatira bwino njira zachilengedwe zogwirira ntchito: zigawo zimafukulidwa chimodzi ndi chimodzi, kutsatira malire ake oyambirira. Njira imeneyi imasiyana ndi kufukula malovu (pa nthawi zina makulidwe ake, mwachitsanzo, 10 cm), komwe nthawi zambiri kumagwiritsidwa ntchito pamene zigawo sizikumveka bwino kapena kuti pakhale njira yowongolera bwino. Kufukula malo kumafuna luso lozindikira kusintha kwa nthaka nthawi zina kosaoneka bwino.
Akamafukula, akatswiri ofukula zinthu zakale amagwiritsa ntchito zida monga ma trowel, maburashi, ndi ma sefa kuti atsimikizire kuti sakuphonya zinthu zazing'ono. Kenako mawonekedwe a khoma lofukula amawunikidwa kuti adziwe momwe zinthu zilili. Mbiri iyi ikhoza kujambulidwa pamanja kapena kujambulidwa pogwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo wa photogrammetry ndi 3D mapping.
Njira zopangira malo
Kujambula zinthu m'matanthwe sikuti kumangolemba zochitika zokha komanso njira zomwe malowo adapangidwira. Njira zachikhalidwe zimaphatikizapo kumanga, kutaya, kuwononga, ndi kugwiritsanso ntchito zinthu. Njira zachilengedwe zimaphatikizapo kuyika dothi m'nthaka, kuwonongeka kwa zinthu zachilengedwe, ntchito ya tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, ndi kusokoneza kwa zomera (kusokonezeka ndi nyama kapena mizu). Kumvetsetsa njirazi ndikofunikira kwambiri kuti akatswiri ofukula zinthu zakale asamvetse molakwika zomwe apeza. Mwachitsanzo, zinthu zakale zomwe zili m'magawo ang'onoang'ono zitha kukhala "zinatsetsereka" chifukwa cha mabowo a nyama, osati chifukwa cha kugwiritsidwa ntchito ndi anthu panthawiyo.
Kujambula ndi chibwenzi
Kujambula kwa denga kumapereka nthawi yofanana , koma kumatha kuphatikizidwa ndi nthawi yeniyeni kuti apange nthawi yolondola kwambiri. Mwachitsanzo, makala ochokera ku gawo linalake amatha kuwerengedwa kuti adziwe zaka zake zenizeni. Zigawo za phulusa la phiri zitha kuzindikirika kudzera mu kusanthula kwa tephra komanso kugwirizanitsidwa ndi kuphulika kwa mapiri komwe kumadziwika. Zinthu zina zakale, monga mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya ceramic kapena ndalama, zitha kukhalanso zizindikiro za nthawi akangomvetsetsa nthawi zomwe zimazungulira.
Pamene deta yokhudza stratigraphic ndi absolute date ikugwirizana, kutanthauzira kumakhala kokhutiritsa kwambiri. Ngati pali kusiyana—monga zotsatira za radiocarbon zomwe ndi zakale kuposa momwe amayembekezera—akatswiri ofukula zinthu zakale ayenera kuwunika kuthekera kwa kuipitsidwa kwa zitsanzo, kusakaniza zigawo, kapena kutanthauzira molakwika nkhaniyo.
Mavuto pa kusanthula kwa stratigraphic
Ngakhale kuli kofunikira, stratigraphy imabweretsa mavuto. Choyamba, malire a zigawo nthawi zambiri samveka bwino; kusintha kwa mtundu wa nthaka kungakhale kochepa komanso kopita patsogolo. Chachiwiri, kusokonekera kwamakono monga ntchito zaulimi, chitukuko, ndi kuba kungasokoneze kapangidwe ka zigawo. Chachitatu, zolemba zosalondola zingapangitse kuti deta ya stratigraph ikhale yovuta kugwiritsanso ntchito. Chifukwa chake, kujambula koyenera ndikofunikira: zithunzi, zojambula za mbiri, mafotokozedwe a nthaka, kupeza ma coordinates, ndi ubale pakati pa mayunitsi ziyenera kulembedwa mwadongosolo.
Kuphatikiza apo, kutanthauzira kwa stratigraphic kumakhudzidwanso ndi zomwe zachitika. Akatswiri awiri ofukula zinthu zakale amatha kuwona magawo osiyanasiyana ngati palibe miyezo yomveka bwino yolembera. Chifukwa chake, maphunziro a m'munda ndi kugwiritsa ntchito malangizo ofotokozera matope—monga muyeso wa mtundu wa Munsell, gulu la kapangidwe ka nthaka, ndi zolemba zophatikizidwa—ndizothandiza.
Mapeto
Kujambula malo ndi maziko a kafukufuku wa zinthu zakale chifukwa kumapereka maziko omvetsetsa nthawi ndi ubale pakati pa zochitika pamalopo. Mwa kuwerenga zigawo za nthaka ngati mbiri yakale, akatswiri ofufuza zinthu zakale amatha kukonzanso momwe anthu amakhala, kusintha kwa chikhalidwe, kuyanjana kwa anthu ndi chilengedwe, ndi njira zomwe zinapangitsa kuti malowo akhale momwe alili panopa. Mwa kuchita, kujambula malo kumafuna kulondola kwambiri, kulemba bwino, komanso luso lofufuza njira zachikhalidwe ndi zachilengedwe. Pophatikizidwa ndi njira zamakono zowerengera zaka ndi njira zolembera, kujambula malo kumathandiza akatswiri ofufuza zinthu zakale kupitirira kungopeza zinthu zakale kuti amvetsetse bwino nkhani yakale mokwanira komanso moyenera.
