Ndondomeko Yobwezeretsa Zinthu Zakale ndi Zinthu Zogwiritsidwa Ntchito Pakhomo
Kufukula zinthu zakale sikungokhudza kukumba ndi kupeza zinthu zakale zokha. Kumakhudzanso momwe anthu amakono amatanthauzira zakale, yemwe ali ndi ufulu wosunga cholowa chimenecho, komanso momwe zinthu zakale zingakhalire magwero a chidziwitso komanso zizindikiro za umunthu. M'zaka zaposachedwapa, chimodzi mwa nkhani zofunika kwambiri pakukambirana za zinthu zakale padziko lonse lapansi chakhala mfundo yobwezeretsa zinthu zakale: kubweza zinthu zachikhalidwe kuchokera ku nyumba zosungiramo zinthu zakale, osonkhanitsa, kapena mayiko omwe zili pano, kumadera awo kapena mayiko omwe adachokera. Mkanganowu ukukhudza magawo asayansi, makhalidwe abwino, malamulo, ndale, komanso zachuma.
Zakale Zakale monga Sayansi ndi Machitidwe Abwino
Mwasayansi, kafukufuku wa zinthu zakale cholinga chake ndi kukonzanso moyo wakale wa anthu kudzera mu zipangizo zachikhalidwe: mbiya, zida zamwala, zolemba, mafupa, ndi nyumba. Komabe, machitidwe amakono ofukula zinthu zakale akugogomezera kwambiri kufunika kwa makhalidwe abwino ofufuza. Zinthu zakale si "zinthu zopanda kanthu"; nthawi zambiri zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi miyambo, uzimu, ndi kukumbukira anthu onse ammudzi winawake. Chifukwa chake, momwe zinthu zakale zimapezekera, kulembedwa, kunyamulidwa, ndi kuwonetsedwa ndikofunikira kwambiri.
Mu nthawi ya atsamunda, kusonkhanitsa zinthu zambiri zakale kunkachitika pakati pa maubwenzi osalingana pakati pa mphamvu. Maulendo asayansi, malonda a zinthu zakale, ndi "mphatso" zandale nthawi zambiri zinkachitika limodzi ndi nkhanza zandale. Zosonkhanitsa zambiri zofunika m'nyumba zosungiramo zinthu zakale zazikulu padziko lonse lapansi zinapangidwa panthawiyi. Munthawi ino, vutoli limabweretsa funso lakuti: kodi umwini wa zinthu zakale zomwe zinapezedwa kudzera m'mikhalidwe ya atsamunda ukadali wovomerezeka?
Kodi Artifact Repatriation ndi chiyani?
Kubweza zinthu zakale kumatanthauza kubweza zinthu zachikhalidwe komwe zinachokera, kaya kudziko lawo kapena kudera linalake la anthu achikhalidwe. Kubweza zinthu zakale kungatenge mitundu yosiyanasiyana: kubweza zinthu kosatha, ngongole ya nthawi yayitali, kusamalira zinthu zogawana, kapena kubweza zotsalira ndi zinthu zopatulika zomwe siziyenera kuonetsedwa pagulu.
Zolinga zobwezera anthu kudziko lina zimasiyana. Kwa mayiko kapena madera omwe anachokera, kubwezera anthu kudziko lina nthawi zambiri kumamveka ngati kubwezeretsa ulemu, kukonza zinthu zosalungama zakale, ndi kubwezeretsa chidziwitso chotayika. Kwa iwo omwe ali ndi zinthu zakale, kubwezera anthu kudziko lina kungawoneke ngati chiopsezo chotaya zinthu zomwe zasonkhanitsidwa, kuchepetsa kukongola kwa nyumba yosungiramo zinthu zakale, kapena kuopa kuti zinthu zakale sizisamalidwa bwino. Izi zimapangitsa kuti mfundo zobwezera anthu kudziko lina zikhale nkhani yovuta, osati nkhani yongofuna "kubweza zinthu."
Ndondomeko Yamalamulo ndi Ndondomeko Zapadziko Lonse
Mu ndondomeko, kubweza anthu kudziko lina kumagwirizana kwambiri ndi malamulo apadziko lonse lapansi ndi malamulo a dziko. Chimodzi mwa zinthu zofunika kwambiri ndi Msonkhano wa UNESCO wa mu 1970 wokhudza Kuletsa ndi Kuletsa Kutumiza ndi Kutumiza Zinthu Mwachisawawa ndi Kusamutsa Ufulu wa Katundu Wachikhalidwe. Msonkhanowu umalimbikitsa mayiko kuti azilamulira malonda a zinthu zakale ndikuthandizira kubweza katundu wachikhalidwe wopezedwa mwachisawawa.
Kuphatikiza apo, Msonkhano wa UNIDROIT wa 1995 umalimbitsa njira zobwezera katundu wachikhalidwe wobedwa kapena wotumizidwa kunja mopanda chilolezo, kuphatikizapo kubwezera eni ake oyenera. Komabe, vuto lalikulu ndilakuti zinthu zambiri zakale zinachotsedwa malamulowa asanayambe kugwira ntchito. Mikangano yambiri yobwezera anthu kudziko lina imaphatikizapo zinthu zomwe zinali "zovomerezeka" panthawiyo koma zikutsutsidwa m'makhalidwe abwino masiku ano.
M'mayiko ena, malamulo apangidwanso kuti ateteze ufulu wa anthu okhala m'midzi. Mwachitsanzo, ku United States, lamulo la Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act (NAGPRA) la 1990 limayang'anira kubweza mitembo ya anthu ndi zinthu zoikidwa m'manda ku mafuko a anthu okhala m'midzi. Ngakhale kuti nkhani zimasiyana malinga ndi dziko, mfundo yaikulu ndi kuzindikira kuti anthu okhala m'midzi ali ndi ufulu wofunikira wa makhalidwe abwino komanso chikhalidwe.
Mikangano Yothandizira Kubwerera Kudziko Lathu
Anthu ochirikiza kubweza anthu kudziko lawo nthawi zambiri amapereka mfundo zingapo zofunika. Choyamba, mfundo ya chilungamo cha m'mbiri: kuchotsedwa kwa zinthu zakale panthawi ya ulamuliro wa atsamunda kapena nthawi ya mikangano nthawi zambiri kunkachitika popanda chilolezo chokha. Kubweza zinthuzo kumaonedwa ngati njira yodziyimira pawokha komanso njira yowonjezerera ubale wapadziko lonse lapansi.
Chachiwiri, mkangano wa kudziwika kwa chikhalidwe ndi ulamuliro . Zinthu zina zogwiritsidwa ntchito ndi zizindikiro zofunika kwambiri pa nkhani yakale ya dziko kapena dera. Zinthu zogwiritsidwa ntchito zikakhala kutali ndi komwe zinachokera, dera lomwe linachokera limataya mwayi wopeza cholowa chimenecho mwachindunji—ponse pawiri chifukwa cha maphunziro, kunyada kwa anthu onse, komanso kupitiriza miyambo.
Chachitatu, mfundo yokhudza nkhani ndi tanthauzo. Zinthu zambiri zakale zimakhala ndi tanthauzo lozama kwambiri zikakhala pafupi ndi malo omwe zinachokera, chilankhulo, miyambo, kapena chikhalidwe chawo. Kumvetsetsa kwa anthu kumatha kuzama kwambiri zinthu zakale zikawonetsedwa m'malo mwake, osati ngati "zinthu zachilendo" m'nyumba yosungiramo zinthu zakale yachilendo.
Mikangano Yotsutsa Kapena Yotsutsa Kubwerera Kudziko Lanu
Kutsutsa kubweza anthu kudziko lawo nthawi zambiri kumakhala ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana. Mtsutso umodzi woterewu ndi lingaliro la "nyumba yosungiramo zinthu zakale yapadziko lonse," lomwe limasonyeza kuti nyumba zosungiramo zinthu zakale zazikulu zimapereka cholowa cha dziko lonse kwa aliyense, kudutsa malire a mayiko. Ndi lingaliro ili, zinthu zofunika siziyenera "kubwerera" chifukwa ndi za anthu.
Palinso nkhawa zaukadaulo: kodi dziko kapena bungwe lomwe lalandira katunduyo lili ndi malo okwanira osungira zinthu? Kodi zinthuzo zili bwino ku kuba, mikangano, kapena masoka? Kuphatikiza apo, ena akugogomezera mbali yalamulo: ngati zinthuzo zinapezeka kudzera mu malonda ovomerezeka panthawiyo, ndiye kuti mlandu woti anthu abwerere kwawo umaonedwa kuti ndi wofooka.
Komabe, otsutsa njira imeneyi amanena kuti "kufikira anthu onse" nthawi zambiri kumakhala kosagwirizana. Nyumba zosungiramo zinthu zakale nthawi zambiri zimapezeka m'maiko olemera, kotero kuti kufikira anthu padziko lonse lapansi kumakhala kocheperako chifukwa cha ndalama zoyendera komanso kusalingana kwachuma.
Miyeso ya Sayansi: Deta, Nkhani, ndi Mgwirizano
Ponena za zinthu zakale monga sayansi, kubweza anthu kudziko lina kungabweretse nkhawa yokhudza kutayika kwa mwayi wofufuza. Komabe, malingaliro amakono a zinthu zakale akugogomezera kwambiri kuti chidziwitso sichiyenera kudalira zinthu zakuthupi. Kusintha kwa digito kwa 3D, ma database otseguka, zofalitsa zogwirizana, ndi mapulogalamu osinthana maphunziro angathandize kupeza deta yambiri komanso kulemekeza ufulu wa madera omwe anachokera.
Ma model ogwirizana akukhala ofunikira kwambiri. Nthawi zambiri, yankho labwino kwambiri si vuto loti aliyense alephere, koma mgwirizano wogwirizana: zinthu zakale zimabwezedwa, koma kafukufuku, kusungidwa, ndi kuwonetsa zitha kuchitika kudzera mu mgwirizano wapadziko lonse lapansi. Mwanjira imeneyi, kubweza anthu kudziko lina kungapangitse kuti chidziwitso chikhale chothandiza potsegula malingaliro am'deralo , chidziwitso chachikhalidwe, ndi matanthauzidwe omwe anyalanyazidwa.
Maphunziro a Nkhani ngati Galasi la Zovuta
Mikangano yambiri yokhudza kubweza anthu kudziko lina yakhala ikuchitika kudzera m'milandu yotchuka padziko lonse lapansi, monga kubweza zinthu zakale zomwe zinatengedwa nthawi ya atsamunda, zinthu zokhudzana ndi kuba zinthu zankhondo, kapena zosonkhanitsidwa kuchokera ku zinthu zofukulidwa mopanda lamulo. Nkhani iliyonse ili ndi tsatanetsatane wapadera: umboni wolembedwa, nthawi ya umwini, ndi kufunika kwa chizindikiro kwa anthu. Chifukwa chake, mfundo zogwira mtima zobweza anthu kudziko lina nthawi zambiri sizimagwirizana ndi chilichonse, koma zimaphatikiza mfundo zazikulu ndi kuwunika kwa nkhani iliyonse.
Ku Asia ndi Africa, zofuna zobwezera anthu kudziko lawo nthawi zambiri zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi kuchotsa ukoloni m'nyumba zosungiramo zinthu zakale ndi maphunziro a mbiri yakale. Pakadali pano, mayiko omwe ali ndi zosonkhanitsa amakumananso ndi kukakamizidwa ndi anthu kuti azitha kuwonekera bwino: kutsegula zolemba zakale zogulira zinthu, kuwunikanso kafukufuku wochokera kudziko lina, ndikukhazikitsa njira zoyenera zobwezera zinthu.
Kutsata Ndondomeko Yoyenera Yobwezera Anthu Kudziko Lawo
Ndondomeko yabwino yobweza anthu kudziko lina iyenera kulinganiza zolinga zingapo: chilungamo, kusunga, kupeza anthu ambiri, ndi kupititsa patsogolo chidziwitso. Mfundo zingapo zitha kukhala malangizo. Choyamba, kuwonekera poyera pankhani ya komwe zinthu zachokera. Nyumba zosungiramo zinthu zakale ndi osonkhanitsa zinthu ziyenera kuchita kafukufuku wa komwe zinthu zachokera ndikufalitsa zotsatira zake. Chachiwiri, kuika patsogolo zinthu zopatulika, zotsalira, kapena zinthu zakale zomwe zatengedwa mwankhanza kapena kuba. Chachitatu, kulimbitsa mphamvu za mabungwe olandira zinthu, kuphatikizapo maphunziro a osunga zinthu zakale ndi zomangamanga zosungiramo zinthu. Chachinayi, kupanga mgwirizano wa nthawi yayitali: ziwonetsero zogwirizana, ngongole zobwezerana, ndi mapulojekiti ofufuza ogwirizana.
Kubweza anthu kudziko lina sikuyenera kumvedwa ngati kuchepetsa mwayi wophunzira pagulu. Ndipotu, ngati kuyendetsedwa bwino, kubweza anthu kungathe kukulitsa malo ophunzirira m'madera osiyanasiyana padziko lapansi. Zinthu zakale zobwezedwa zimatha kulimbikitsa kukula kwa nyumba zosungiramo zinthu zakale zakomweko, maphunziro a mbiri yakale ogwirizana kwambiri, komanso zokopa alendo zachikhalidwe zochokera paulemu, osati kupondereza.
Kutseka
Ndondomeko za kafukufuku wa zinthu zakale ndi zobweza anthu zakale zimalumikizana kwambiri. Kafukufuku wa zinthu zakale amatipatsa zida zomvetsetsa zakale, koma mfundo za kafukufuku wa zinthu zakale zimatikumbutsa kuti zakale sizili ndi ubale wamphamvu wamakono. Pakati pa mfundo za makhalidwe abwino, zofuna zasayansi, ndi malamulo osakwanira, kafukufuku wa zinthu zakale amafuna kuti dziko lonse liganizirenso momwe timachitira ndi cholowa cha chikhalidwe. Pomaliza, cholinga chofunikira kwambiri ndikuwonetsetsa kuti zinthu zakale—monga mboni za mbiri ya anthu—zikuyendetsedwa mwachilungamo, kufunika kwake kukulemekezedwa, ndikugwiritsidwa ntchito kukulitsa chidziwitso ndi ulemu wa madera omwe adabereka.
