Hangarau Hanga Pūoko Kāmera i runga i ngā Waea Atamai
He mea whakamiharo te whanaketanga o ngā kāmera waea atamai i roto i te tekau tau kua pahure ake nei. Ko ngā whakaahua i "pai noa mō te tuhi" i mua, kua taea inaianei te whakataurite i te kounga o ngā kāmera motuhake i roto i ngā āhuatanga maha. Ehara i te mea ko te pūmanawa tukatuka whakaahua anake te mea e akiakihia ana tēnei ahunga whakamua, engari ko te hangarau hanga o ngā pūoko kāmera hoki—ko ngā wāhanga matua e huri ana i te mārama hei tohu hiko. Kei muri i te kōwae kāmera angiangi kei reira he tukanga hanga semiconductor uaua, tino tika, me te whanake tonu hei whakatutuki i ngā wero o te rahi iti, te iti o te kai hiko, me te kounga whakaahua teitei.
1. Te tūranga o ngā pūoko me ngā au o te hangarau kāmera waea atamai
Ko ngā pūoko kāmera waea atamai he mea hanga ki te CMOS (Complementary Metal-Oxide Semiconductor). Ki te whakatauritea ki ngā pūoko CCD rongonui i mua, he pai ake te whakamahi i te hiko o te CMOS, he tere ake te pānui, ā, he māmā ake te whakauru atu ki ngā ara iahiko tukatuka tohu i runga i te maramara kotahi. Ko ngā au e akiaki ana i te auahatanga o ngā pūoko waea atamai ko: te whakanui ake i te taumira (tae atu ki te tekau, ki te rau rānei o ngā megapixels), te pai ake o te mahi i te iti o te mārama, ngā āheinga ataata taumira teitei, te HDR wā-tūturu, te arotahi aunoa tere, me te tautoko mō te whakaahua rorohiko.
Mā ēnei tono katoa ka akiaki ngā kaihanga pūoko ki te arotau i ngā hanganga pika, ngā rauemi, ngā tukanga tuhi kohatu, ngā hoahoa ara iahiko, tae noa ki te huarahi e whakarārangi ai rātou i ngā paparanga maramara kia mau tonu te angiangi me te whakapai ake i te mahi.
2. Hanganga taketake o te pūoko CMOS: mai i ngā photon ki ngā raraunga
Hei whakarāpopototanga, ko ia pika i runga i te pūoko CMOS he wāhi photodiode hei hopu i te mārama me ngā transistors iti hei pānui me te whakanui i te tohu. Ina uru mai ngā photon, ka whakaputahia e te photodiode ngā irahiko (he utu hiko) e rite ana ki te kaha o te mārama. Kātahi ka pānuihia tēnei utu mā roto i te ara iahiko pānui, ka hurihia hei raraunga matihiko e te ADC (Analog-to-Digital Converter), kātahi ka tukatukahia anō hei whakaahua.
Heoi, he tino uaua ake te hoahoa mahi: me whakaiti e ia pika te haruru, me whakanui ake i te whānuitanga hihiri, me ārai i te whakawhitiwhiti kōrero (te turuturu o te māramatanga, te utu rānei ki ngā pika tata), me te pupuri i te aro nui ahakoa ka haere tonu te whakaiti i te rahi o te pika.
3. Wāhanga hanga angiangi: te tūāpapa o te hanga pūoko
Ka tīmata te hanga pūoko kāmera ki ngā anga silicon, pērā i ngā ahumahi haurua-ā-ira. Ko ngā tukanga matua ko:
1. Te whakahāora me te whakatakotoranga kiriata angiangi
Ka pania te papa angiangi ki tētahi rauemi ārai, ki tētahi rauemi kawe hiko rānei (hei tauira, te SiO₂, te poly-silicon, ētahi konganuku) mā te whakamahi i tētahi tukanga pēnei i te CVD (Te Whakatakotoranga Kohu Matū) te PVD rānei (Te Whakatakotoranga Kohu Tinana).
2. Whakaahua-ipurangi
Ka "tāia" ngā tauira ara iahiko me ngā hanganga pika mā te whakamahi i te photoresist, ā, ka whakaaturia ki te mārama mā roto i te kōpare. Ko te iti o te hangarau tukanga, ko te tika ake o te tuhi whakaahua e hiahiatia ana.
3. Te whakairo
Ka tangohia ētahi wāhanga o te paparanga hei hanga i te hanganga, mā te whakairo mākū, mā te whakairo maroke rānei (plasma).
4. Te whakatō i te ira / te whakatō katote
Ka whakatōkia ētahi katote ki roto i te silicon hei hanga i ngā rohe N me P, e tika ana kia mahi ngā photodiode me ngā transistors kia rite ki ngā whakaritenga.
5. Te whakarewatanga me te hononga
Ka hangaia ngā ara whakarewa hei hono i ngā transistors, te mahara, me ngā poraka tukatuka i roto i te maramara.
I roto i ngā pūoko kāmera, ehara i te mea ko ngā transistors anake te kaupapa o te hanga pika engari ko te arotau i ngā photodiode me ngā hanganga moroiti-whatu i runga ake i a rātou. Ko te wero kia whakarite kia mahi tahi ngā wāhanga hiko me ngā wāhanga whatu i roto i tētahi wāhi iti rawa.
4. Te Whakamārama o Muri (BSI): he hurihanga o te aro
Ko tētahi o ngā auahatanga nui o ngā pūoko waea atamai ko te BSI (Backside Illumination). I roto i ngā pūoko tuku iho (Frontside Illumination/FSI), ka tomo te mārama mai i te taha kotahi me te paparanga whakarewa me ngā transistors. Nō reira, ka āraia ētahi o te mārama e ngā waea me ngā ara iahiko, ka whakaiti i te aro.
I roto i te BSI, ka tukatukahia te wafer kia uru mai te mārama mai i te "tuara" (te taha kāore e āraia e ngā hononga). Ka tutuki tēnei mā te whakaangawari i te wafer me te neke i ngā rārangi hononga ki tērā taha. Ko te hua:
– ka nui ake te mārama e tae atu ana ki te photodiode,
– te whakapai ake i te mahi i te iti o te mārama,
– te whai huatanga matūriki teitei ake,
– he pai mō ngā pika iti.
Me tino whakahaere i te tukanga BSI i te wā e angiangi ana te wafer, nā te mea ka taea e te matotoru rawa te whakaiti i te hua (te angitu o te whakaputa) ka ngawari rānei te pakaru o te wafer.
5. CMOS Whakarārangi: whakarārangihia hei tere ake, hei whakarei ake hoki i ngā mahi
Hei whakanui ake i te tere me te tāpiri i ngā āhuatanga me te kore e whakanui ake i te rahi, kei te whakamahi te umanga i ngā pūoko whakarārangi. Ko te ariā: wehea te paparanga pika me te paparanga arorau ki ngā paparanga motuhake, kātahi ka honoa mā te whakamahi i tētahi hangarau hononga tino matotoru (hei tauira, te hononga ranu, te TSV rānei—Through-Silicon Via rānei).
Ngā painga o te CMOS whakarārangi:
– He tere ake te pānui, he pai mō ngā ataata tere-tiketike, ngā whakaahua pakū, ā, ka whakaiti i te hurihuri o te kati.
– Ka taea te tāpiri atu i ngā arorau me ngā mahara (hei tauira, ngā pūpare/DRAM i ētahi hoahoa) me te kore e whakaiti i te horahanga pika.
– Te tukatuka ā-pūoko pēnei i te HDR maha-whakaaturanga tere ake, te arotahi aunoa aro nui ake rānei.
I roto i te hanga, me tino tika te whakaritenga o te anga. Ko ngā wero matua ko te pupuri i te kounga o ngā hononga, te whakaiti i te ātete, te whakanui ake i te hua, me te pupuri i ngā utu whakaputa iti.
6. Hangarau pika: arotahi-iti, CFA, me te wehewehe
Kei runga ake i te photodiode, he mea tino nui ngā huānga moroiti whatu:
– Ngā karāhe iti: he karāhe iti kei runga ake i ia pika hei "kohikohi" i te mārama ki te wāhi hohe o te photodiode. I runga i ngā waea atamai he iti ngā karāhe kāmera, ka āwhina ngā karāhe iti ki te whakanui ake i te nui o te mārama e tae atu ana ki te pika.
– Huinga Tātari Tae (CFA): he tātari tae (he tauira Bayer, he momo rerekē rānei) e āhei ai te pūoko ki te wehewehe i ngā tae. Ka hangaia ngā CFA mā te whakatakotoranga me te tauira o ngā rauemi polymer tae.
– Te Wehenga Hōhonu o te Awaawa (DTI): he awaawa wehe kua whakakiia ki te rauemi ārai hei ārai i te whakawhitiwhiti i waenga i ngā pika. Ka nui haere te hiranga o te DTI ina iti haere te rahi o ngā pika, ina nui haere hoki ngā whakatuwheratanga o te arotahi.
Ko te whakakotahitanga o ngā karāhe moroiti, CFA, me te DTI he piriti i waenganui i te ao whatu me te ao hiko. Ka pāngia te tika o te tae, te koi, me te haruru e ngā hapa iti o te matotoru o te paparanga, te tūnga, te ōritetanga rānei.
7. Arotahi Aunoa Kite Wāhanga (PDAF) me ngā pika motuhake
He maha ngā waea atamai hou e whakamahi ana i te PDAF (Phase Detection Autofocus) i runga i te pūoko. Kei roto i tēnei ko ngā pika motuhake, ngā wāhi rānei, e whiwhi ana i te mārama mai i ngā wāhanga motuhake o te whakatuwheratanga arotahi, ā, ka tatau i ngā rerekētanga wāhanga hei whakatau i te ahunga me te whānuitanga o te whakatikatika arotahi.
Ko te whakatinanatanga o te PDAF me whai hoahoa CFA me ngā hoahoa microlens rerekē mō ngā pika motuhake, ngā tauira microconfitting rānei. Ka tāpiri atu tēnei ki te uauatanga o te whakaputa nā te mea ehara i te mea he ōrite katoa ngā pika. Ko te wero kia kore ngā pika PDAF e whakararu i te kounga o te ahua (hei tauira, te whakauru mai i ngā taonga), me te pupuri tonu i te tika o te arotahi.
8. HDR, pikinga tahuritanga takirua, me te hoahoa hoahoa pānui
Haunga te whakapai ake i te "hopu mārama", e pā ana hoki te hanganga pūoko ki te hoahoa ara iahiko:
– Mā te Dual Conversion Gain (DCG) ka taea e te pūoko te whakawhiti i waenga i te aratau aro nui me te aratau whānuitanga hihiri teitei, i runga i ngā āhuatanga mārama.
– Me tere te pānui me te whakahaere wā tika mō te HDR maha-whakaaturanga.
– He kaupapa nui te kati ā-ao (ahakoa he mea noa ake i roto i ngā kāmera ahumahi) hei whakakore i te kati hurihuri, engari he uaua ake te whakatinana i roto i ngā waea atamai nā te mea me whai pūnga rokiroki utu mō ia pika, he hoahoa tāpiri rānei hei tāpiri i te horahanga me te uauatanga.
Ka pā ēnei āhuatanga katoa ki te tahora o ngā transistors, te maha o ngā paparanga whakarewa, te whakapaunga hiko, me te wera—he mea nui ēnei i roto i ngā taputapu angiangi he iti te roa o te ora o te pākahiko.
9. Te whakamātautau, te whakatikatika, me te whakaurunga o te kōwae
Kia oti te tukatuka i te wafer, ko ngā mahi nui e whai ake nei ko:
– Whakamātautau taumata-angi hei tirotiro i ngā pika mate, te haruru, te ōritetanga, me ngā tawhā hiko.
– Te tapatapahi i te angaanga kia maramara, kātahi ka takai hei tiaki i te maramara, hei hononga hoki.
– Te Whakatikatika: kei roto ko te whakatikatika i ngā mahere haruru, te atarangi, te taurite mā, me ngā āhuatanga o te arotahi. He maha ngā āhuatanga o te whakatikatika ka mahia ina huihuia, ina whakamatautauria hoki te wae kāmera.
– Te whakaurunga o te kōwae: kua honoa te pūoko ki te arotahi, te OIS (whakaū ahua whatu) mēnā kei te wātea, me ētahi atu wāhanga tautoko. He nui te pānga o te whakaritenga ā-ringa (te honga, te tawhiti arotahi) ki te koi.
I runga i ngā waea atamai, me tutuki i ngā wae kāmera ngā paerewa pumau, engari me noho iti te utu, me te taea hoki te hanga papatipu.
10. Ngā ahunga whakamua: he maha atu ngā paparanga me te rorohiko e tata atu ana ki te pūoko
Ā tōna wā, tera pea ka anga atu te hangarau hanga pūoko waea atamai ki:
– He whakarārangi kaha ake, he maeneene ake te hononga me ngā rārangi piri.
– Te hangarau aro-rorohiko/pūoko i runga i te pūoko hei whakaiti i te haruru, hei kimi i ngā tirohanga, hei whakaatu i te HDR inamata rānei me te iti o te whakaroa.
– He pika atamai ake me te hoahoa e whakaiti ana i te haruru me te whakanui ake i te whānuitanga hihiri me te kore e whakanui noa i ngā megapixels.
– Ngā rauemi me ngā hanganga hou e whakanui ake ana i te pai o te mimiti māramatanga, e pehi ana hoki i te whakawhitiwhiti kōrero i roto i ngā pika iti.
Ahakoa te kaha haere o te whakaahua rorohiko, he mea nui tonu te kounga o ngā raraunga pūoko mata. Nō reira, ko ngā mahi auaha i hangaia ai - mai i te BSI, te DTI, ki te CMOS whakarārangi - ka noho tonu hei mea nui.
Whakamutunga
Ka whakakotahi te hangarau hanga pūoko kāmera waea atamai i te tika o te haurua-haurua me te hangarau whatu tauine-micrometer. Mai i te whakaahua wafer me te tāpiringa, ki te whakangawari mō te BSI, te whakarārangi maramara mō ngā pūoko whakarārangi, ki te hanga microlens me te CFA, kua hangaia ngā tukanga katoa kia taea ai e ngā pūoko iti te hopu mārama me te tere, me te tika. Ko te hua he kāmera waea atamai pono ake i roto i ngā āhuatanga maha, me te whakarite i te ara mō ngā āhuatanga hou pēnei i te HDR wā-tūturu, te arotahi aunoa tino tere, me te ataata kounga teitei i roto i ngā taputapu e noho kiato tonu.
Ki te hiahia koe, ka taea e au te tāpiri atu i ēnei: (1) he whakaahua o te rere o te tukanga hanga i roto i te ahua o ngā tohu taahiraa-i-te-taahiraa, (2) he upoko iti motuhake e whakataurite ana i te BSI me te FSI me te stacked, (3) he rārangi kupu (papakupu) hei whakamāmā ake i te hunga pānui noa.
