Hangarau Hanga Maramara ARM mō ngā Waea Atamai
Ko te whanaketanga o ngā waea atamai hou e tino whakatauhia ana e te whanaketanga o ngā tukatuka (SoC/System-on-Chips), arā, ko ngā "roro" o te taputapu. He maha ngā SoC rongonui—pērā i a Snapdragon, Dimensity, Exynos, tae noa ki a Apple Silicon—e whakamahi ana i te hoahoa ARM hei turanga mō ā rātou tohutohu me te hoahoa CPU. Heoi, ko te mahi me te whai huatanga ehara i te mea ko te hoahoa anake engari ko te hangarau hanga: ko te tukanga hanga semiconductor e huri ana i ngā hoahoa ara iahiko ki ngā maramara tūturu i runga i ngā papa silicon. E matapakihia ana e tēnei tuhinga te whanaketanga o te hangarau hanga maramara ARM mō ngā waea atamai, te mahi a te tukanga, me te take i tino hira ai ngā pona pēnei i te 7nm, 5nm, 4nm, me te 3nm.
1. ARM: Te Hanganga me te "Maramara ARM"
Tuatahi, me whakamārama tātou: Ehara a ARM i te kaihanga maramara. Ko te ARM (Arm Ltd.) te kaihanga matua o ngā hoahoa huinga tohutohu (ISA) me ngā matua IP pēnei i a Cortex-A (ngā CPU tono), Cortex-X (mahi-teitei), Cortex-R (wā-tūturu), me ngā GPU Mali (i roto i ētahi SoC). Ko ngā kamupene pēnei i a Qualcomm, MediaTek, Samsung, me Apple:
– te raihana i te hoahoanga ARM,
– whakakotahi me ētahi atu wāhanga (GPU, ISP, NPU, modem, cache, hononga),
– ā, mā roto i ngā whare whakarewa pērā i a TSMC, i a Samsung Foundry rānei e whakaputa.
Nō reira, ina kī te tangata "maramara ARM," ko tā rātou e kī ana he SoC waea atamai e whakamahi ana i te ARM ISA, ko te tukanga hanga ia e whakahaerehia ana e te whare whakarewa haurua-ira.
2. He aha te hiranga o te hangarau hanga?
E toru ngā pānga o te hangarau hanga, e kiia ana ko te pūnga tukanga (hei tauira, 7 nm, 5 nm, 3 nm):
1. Mahi: ka taea e ngā transistors iti ake te huri tere ake.
2. Te whai hua o te hiko: ka taea te whakaiti i ngā whakaritenga turuturu me te ngaohiko, ahakoa kāore i te mea he mea rārangi tonu.
3. Kiato: he nui ake ngā transistors mō ia wāhi; ka taea ai ngā keteroki nui ake, ngā CPU uaua ake, ngā GPU whānui ake, me ngā whakaterenga AI kaha ake.
Heoi, kāore te tau "nm" e tohu ana i tētahi rahi transistor ā-tinana kotahi pērā i ngā wā o mua. He tohu pūnga e pā ana ki tētahi huinga hangarau lithography, ngā ture hoahoa, me ngā āhuatanga kiato/whai hua.
3. Ngā Wāhanga Matua o te Hanganga SoC Waea Atamai
I te nuinga o te wā, ko te haerenga mai i te hoahoa maramara ki te hua waea atamai ka haere mā roto i ētahi wāhanga:
a) Hoahoa me te Manatoko
Mā ngā kaihoko SoC e hoahoa ngā poraka IP (CPU, GPU, NPU), kātahi ka mahi i te whakatauira, te manatoko mahi, te manatoko wā (STA), me te waitohu ā-tinana (DRC/LVS). Me hototahi te hoahoa ki te kete hoahoa tukanga (PDK) o te pūnga ūnga.
b) Te whakaweto i te rīpene
Ko te rīpene-whakaputa te wā e tukuna ai te hoahoa whakamutunga ki te whare hanga hei hanga i tētahi huinga kopare (whakaahua-kopare). He wāhanga utu nui, he wāhanga mōrearea hoki tēnei: ko ngā whakahounga hoahoa i muri i te rīpene-whakaputa ka nui pea ngā utu me ngā whakaroa i te wātaka.
c) Te Hanganga Wafer: Te Pito-Mua-o-te-Raina (FEOL)
Ko te FEOL te hanganga o ngā transistors i runga i te wafer—mai i te doping, te hanganga hongere, te hanganga kuaha, te wehenga, me ērā atu mea. I tēnei wā hou, kua whanake ngā hanganga transistor mai i te papatahi ki te FinFET (fin) ā, kei te neke haere ki te GAAFET (kuaha-ā-tawhio).
d) Hononga: Te Pito-Muri-o-te-Raina (BEOL)
Kia oti te huihui i ngā transistors, ka tāpirihia ngā paparanga whakarewa kua whakarārangihia (te parahi/te iti-k dielectric) hei hono i ngā transistors ki tētahi ara iahiko. I roto i ngā SoC hou, ka taea te nui rawa o ngā paparanga whakarewa hei whakatutuki i ngā hiahia o te ara raraunga matotoru.
e) Te tapahi, te takai, me te whakamātautau
Ka tapahia ngā papapa kia rite ki ngā mati, kātahi ka tākaihia. Mō ngā waea atamai, me tautoko te tākai i:
– rahi kiato,
– te tohatoha wera,
– te pono o te tohu,
– te iti o te whakamahinga hiko.
He maha ngā tikanga e whakamahia ana pēnei i te flip-chip, te takai taumata-wafer, me te whakaurunga PoP (Mōkihi-ki-te-Mōkihi).
4. Te Hanganga Waituhi: Te Kī ki te Whakaiti i ngā Transistors
Ko te tuhi whakaahua te tukanga "tā" i ngā tauira ara iahiko ki runga i tētahi anga ma te whakamahi i te māramatanga me te ātete-whakaahua. Ka iti ake ngā āhuatanga hei tā, ka uaua ake te tukanga.
DUV me EUV
– Ka whakamahia e te DUV (Deep Ultraviolet) he roanga ngaru o te 193 nm. Mō ngā pona iti, me whakamahi e te DUV ngā tikanga tauira maha uaua, utu nui hoki (tauira takirua, takitoru, whā).
– E whakamahia ana e te EUV (Extreme Ultraviolet) he roangaru o te 13,5 nm. Mā te EUV ka māmā ake te tānga o ngā āhuatanga tino iti, ka whakaitihia te maha o ngā kaupae tauira maha, ka whakapiki ake i te tika, ā, ka pai ake pea te hua—ahakoa he tino nui ngā utu taputapu.
I whakawhirinaki nui ngā pona 7nm tōmua ki te maha o ngā tauira DUV, i te mea ko ngā pona 5nm me te 3nm i whakawhirinaki nui ki te EUV i ngā paparanga tino nui.
5. Te Whanaketanga o te Hanganga Transistor: Papatahi → FinFET → GAAFET
Mahere
I te iti haere o ngā transistors papatahi, i kaha ake te whakamahi i ngā transistors papatahi tae noa ki te 28 nm–20 nm. I te iti haere o ngā transistors, ka ngoikore te mana whakahaere o te hongere, ā, ka piki ake te turuturu.
Mutunga
Ka whakauruhia e ngā FinFET ngā "tara" kia whakahaerea ai te hongere e te kuaha mai i ngā taha maha. Ka whakapai ake tēnei i te mana hikohiko, ā, ka pehi i te turuturu. He maha ngā SoC waea atamai rongonui i roto i te awhe 16/14 nm ki te 4 nm kei te hangai tonu ki ngā FinFET.
GAAFET (Kāti-Huri-ā-Taki-katoa)
Ka kapi katoatia te hongere e ngā GAAFET (hei tauira, ngā nanosheets), ka pai ake te whakahaere i ngā rahi tino iti. He taahiraa nui te whakawhiti ki ngā GAAFET mō ngā pona o te whakatupuranga e whai ake nei i te mea ka tīmata ngā FinFET ki te eke ki ō rātou rohe tauine.
Mō ngā maramara ARM waea atamai, ka kitea ngā painga o GAAFET i roto i te whai huatanga o te mana—he mea nui mō te roa o te pākahiko—me te pumau o te mahi i raro i ngā kawenga taumaha (kēmu, AI i runga i te taputapu, te tuhi ataata 4K/8K).
6. Pūnaha Tukanga i runga i te Pūnaha Whakahaere Waea Atamai
Ahakoa he rerekē ngā taipitopito i waenga i ngā whare whakarewa, ko ngā ia whānui e whai ake nei:
7 nm me ōna pānga
He pikinga nui tēnei o te kiato me te whai huatanga ki te whakaritea ki te 10nm/12nm. He maha ngā SoC 7nm e whakatakoto ana i te ara mō te whakapai ake i te mahi GPU me te whakaurunga modem matatini ake.
5nm / 4nm
Kei te tīmata te whānui haere o te whakamahinga o te EUV i te 5nm. Ko te "4nm" he tikanga whakapai ake i te 5nm me te whakapai ake i te kiato, te mahi, te whai huatanga rānei. I tēnei wā, kei te tere tipu haere ngā whakatere NPU/AI nā te hiahia mō te tukatuka kāmera rorohiko me te AI whakaputa māmā i runga i te taputapu.
3 nm
He tohu nui te 3nm mō te whai huatanga o te mana me te mātotoru. Heoi, kei te piki haere ngā utu hanga, kei te piki haere te uaua o te hoahoa, ā, kei te piki haere te hiranga o te whakahaere wera i te mea ka piki ake ngā wero wera o ngā transistors mātotoru.
7. Te Hua, te Ipu Para, me te He aha i Nui ai ngā Momo Maramara
I roto i te hanga papatipu, kāore e tino tika ngā mate katoa i runga i te wafer. Ko te hua ko te ōrau o ngā maramara e tutuki ana i ngā whakaritenga. Ko ngā mahi a ngā kamupene whakarewa me ngā kaihoko SoC e whai ake nei:
– te whakamātautau momo wafer me te mahi,
– te whakarōpūtanga kounga (te whakarōpūtanga) i runga i te āheinga auau/ngaohiko,
– i ētahi wā ka mono i ētahi waeine (hei tauira, ētahi tautau GPU) hei hoko i ngā momo rerekē.
Koinei te take he maha ngā putanga o ngā SoC kei te mākete he rite engari he rerekē te mahi, ngā putanga "Plus/Pro" rānei e ahu mai ana i ngā ipu kounga teitei ake.
8. Te Pānga o te Hanganga ki te Hoahoa Hanganga ARM i roto i ngā Waea Atamai
Ka pāngia te hangarau hanga e te āhua o te hoahoa a ngā kaihoko i ngā whirihoranga matua ARM, pērā i te big.LITTLE, DynamIQ rānei: he huinga o ngā matua mahi-teitei me ngā matua mana-iti. Me ngā pūnga matatau ake:
– ka taea e ngā matua mahi teitei te oma tere ake i runga i te mana kotahi,
– ka taea e ngā matua whai hua te whai hua ake mō ngā mahi māmā,
– ka taea te whakanui i te keteroki me te kore e whakanui rawa i te mata,
– Ka taea te tāpiri i ngā whakaterenga AI mō te tukatuka kāmera, te reo, me ngā āhuatanga whakaputa.
Engari he wero anō hoki ngā pona iti ake: te turuturu i raro i ētahi tikanga, ngā rerekētanga hanga, me ngā whakaritenga hoahoa tuku hiko tino kaha ake.
9. Te Tākai me te Whakaurunga: Ehara i te "nm" noa iho
Ko te ahunga whakamua o ngā waea atamai ehara i te mea ko ngā transistors iti anake, engari ko te whakaurunga pūnaha anō hoki:
– PoP (Mōkihi-ki-te-Mōkihi) hei whakarārangi i te DRAM ki runga i te SoC hei penapena wāhi.
– Mā te takai matatau ka whakapai ake i te ara tohu, te whānui o te hononga, me te whai huatanga.
– Ko te hoahoa mana me te wera (hoahoa mana/wera) e whakatau ana i te pumau o te mahi, inā koa mō te petipeti me te tuhi ataata roa.
Ahakoa kei te piki haere te rongonui o ngā ariā pēnei i ngā maramara iti i roto i te ao PC/tūmau, he uaua ake te whakatinanatanga i roto i ngā waea atamai nā te iti o te wāhi, te iti o te utu, me ngā whakaritenga hiko tino kaha. Ahakoa rā, kei te tuwhera tonu te umanga ki te whakaurunga atamai.
10. Whakamutunga
Ko te hangarau hanga te pūtake e āhei ai ngā maramara ARM i roto i ngā waea atamai kia tere haere, kia whai hua te hiko, kia whai hua hoki ngā āhuatanga. Mai i te DUV ki te EUV lithography, mai i ngā transistors papatahi ki te FinFET ki te GAAFET, ka puta mai i ia peke tukanga he huringa nui ki ngā āheinga SoC: te mahi petipeti, te kounga kāmera rorohiko, te AI i runga i te taputapu, me te whai hua o te pākahiko. Engari kei muri i te tau "nm" kei reira he mooni uaua - he utu nui o te kopare, he wero hua, he hoahoa wera, me ngā herenga o te ahupūngao transistor. I te tirohanga whakamua, ko te whakakotahitanga o ngā pona matatau ake, ngā hoahoa hoahoa ARM e whai hua haere ana, me ngā auahatanga tākai ka haere tonu ki te hanga i te whakatupuranga o ngā waea atamai e whai ake nei.
Ki te hiahia koe, ka taea e au te tāpiri i tētahi wāhanga motuhake e whakataurite ana i ngā mahi a TSMC me Samsung Foundry, ka taea rānei e au te waihanga i tētahi putanga hangarau ake o te tuhinga (e kōrero ana mō te BEOL, te iti-k, te rerekētanga, te maturuturunga IR, me te aukati karaka/mana) e hiahiatia ana.
