Hangarau Hanga Maramara mō ngā Waea Atamai
Pendahuluan
Ko te hangarau hanga maramara te poutokomanawa o te huringa hangarau e pā ana ki a tātou i tēnei wā, inā koa i te ao waea atamai. E whakawhirinaki ana ia waea atamai hou ki ngā maramara tino matatau hei whakarato i ngā momo mahi, mai i ngā whakawhitiwhiti kōrero ki te tukatuka whakaahua. Ka tūhuratia e tēnei tuhinga ngā āhuatanga rerekē o te hangarau hanga maramara, me pēhea te whakawhanake i ēnei maramara, me pēhea hoki tā rātou whai wāhi ki ngā whanaketanga waea atamai.
Hītori me te Whanaketanga o Mua
I tīmata te hanga maramara, e mōhiotia ana ko te hanga haurua-ira, i te hanganga o te transistor i te tau 1947 e John Bardeen, Walter Brattain, me William Shockley i Bell Labs. Nā tēnei kitenga i whakatakoto te ara mō te whakaitiiti i ngā taputapu hiko. I te tau 1958, i angitu a Jack Kilby o Texas Instruments ki te hanga i te ara iahiko whakauru tuatahi, i noho hei pūtake mō te maramara hou.
I roto i ngā tau, kua whanake haere te hangarau hanga maramara. I te tau 1965, i matapaetia e Gordon Moore, tētahi o ngā kaiwhakaū o Intel, ka rua te maha o ngā transistors i runga i tētahi maramara i ia rua tau, he matapae i mōhiotia i muri mai ko te Ture a Moore. Kua tika tonu tēnei matapae tae noa mai ki tēnei rā, ā, kua akiaki i te auahatanga whakamiharo i roto i te hanga maramara.
Hangarau Hanga Maramara Hou
Tukanga Whakairoiro
Ko te tuhi whakaahua te taahiraa tino nui o te hanga maramara. Ko te whakamahi i ngā hihi mārama, i ngā hihi irahiko rānei hei tuhi i ngā tauira ara iahiko ki runga i ngā papa silicon. I roto i te hangarau hou, ka whakamahia te tuhi whakaahua ultraviolet tino kaha (EUV) hei whakatutuki i te taumira tino teitei, ka taea ai te hanga maramara me ngā transistors he iti iho i te 5 nanometers (nm) he iti ake rānei. Mā tēnei ka taea te whakauru i ngā transistors maha ki runga i te maramara kotahi, ka piki ake te mahi me te whakaiti i te whakapaunga hiko.
Te Whakatakoto me te Whakairo
Whai muri i te tukanga whakarārangi, ko ngā mahi e whai ake nei ko te whakatakoto, te wāhi e whakatakotoria ai te rauemi hohe ki runga i te papa whakarewa, me te whakairo, te wāhi e tangohia ai te rauemi kāore e hiahiatia, ka hangaia te tauira ara iahiko e hiahiatia ana. Ka mahia ēnei tukanga me te tino tika ma te whakamahi i ngā taputapu matatau.
Whakatonga Katote
Ko te whakaurunga katote he tikanga e whakatereterehia ai ngā katote, ka tahuna ki roto i te anga silicon hei whakarerekē i ngā āhuatanga hiko o ngā rohe motuhake. Ka whakamahia tēnei tikanga hei whakahaere i te momo me te kukū o ngā kaikawe utu i roto i ngā transistors, he mea nui ki te mahi a te maramara.
Hononga me te Tākai
Kia oti ngā transistors me ētahi atu wāhanga te hanga, ko te mahi e whai ake nei ko te hono i a rātou tetahi ki tetahi mā te tukanga e kiia nei ko te hononga. Mā ngā hangarau tākai maramara hou, pērā i te whakarārangi 3D, ka taea te whakauru i ngā paparanga maha o ngā ara iahiko ki roto i tētahi wāhi tino iti, ka piki ake te pai me te mahi.
Ngā Taupānga i roto i te Waea Atamai
Pūtukatuka
Ko te tukatuka te roro o te waea atamai. Ko ngā tukatuka hou pēnei i a Qualcomm Snapdragon, Apple A-series, me Samsung Exynos, he mea hanga katoa mā te whakamahi i te hangarau hanga maramara hou. He maha ngā matua CPU o ēnei tukatuka, he GPU, me ētahi atu wae tukatuka motuhake pēnei i te NPU (Neural Processing Unit) mō te matauranga horihori.
Mahara
Ka hangaia hoki te mahara, ahakoa RAM (Random Access Memory) me te rokiroki ā-roto NAND flash, mā te whakamahi i ngā tikanga hanga maramara. He nui te pānga o te tere me te kaha o te mahara ki te mahi whānui o te waea atamai.
Ngā Pouwhanga me ngā Wāhanga RF
He āhuatanga taketake te whakawhitiwhiti kōrero o ngā waea atamai, e hiahiatia ana te hangarau hanga maramara matatau hei hanga i ngā pouwhanga me ētahi atu wāhanga auau reo irirangi (RF). He nui ake ngā wero hanga o ngā hangarau pēnei i te 5G, e hiahiatia ana he tika me te whai huatanga nui ake.
pūoko
He maha ngā pūoko o ngā waea atamai hou, pērā i ngā kāmera, ngā gyroscope, ngā accelerometer, me ngā pūoko tapumati. He mea hanga ēnei pūoko katoa mā te whakamahi i ngā tikanga hanga maramara matatau.
Ngā Wero i roto i te Hangarau Hanga Maramara
Tauine Nanomita
I te mea ka haere tonu te whakaiti i te rahi o ngā transistors ki te tauine nanometer, ka piki ake ngā wero hanga. Me whai tika i te taumata ngota hei whakarite i te mahi tino pai o te maramara. Mā te iti noa o ngā hapa ka puta he hapa.
Ngā Utu Teitei
He tino utu nui te hanga me te whakahaere i ngā whare hanga maramara, e mōhiotia ana ko ngā fabs. He iti noa iho ngā kamupene, pērā i a TSMC, Samsung, me Intel, kei a rātou te kaha me ngā rauemi hei whakaputa i ngā maramara tino matatau.
Rauemi Hou
Kei te tūhuratia ngā rauemi hou pēnei i te graphene me te molybdenum disulfide hei whakakore i ngā herenga o te silicon tuku iho. Heoi, he wero hanga motuhake ēnei rauemi hou, e hiahiatia ana he tikanga me he hangarau hou mō te whakaputa.
Te Anamata o te Hangarau Hanga Maramara
Te Utu Whakaraupapa
Ko tētahi huarahi ā muri ake nei ko te whakawhanaketanga o ngā rorohiko irahiko, e whakamahi ana i ngā qubit hei utu mō ngā moka tuku iho. Me whai huarahi hanga hou rawa atu tēnei.
Hangarau Whakairoiro Matatau
E tika ana kia taea te hanga maramara me ngā rahi transistor iti ake, kei raro iho pea i te 1 nm mā ngā whanaketanga atu anō o te hangarau tuhi whakaahua.
Ngā Maramara me ngā Mahi Motuhake
Ā tōna wā, tera pea ka kite tātou i ētahi atu maramara kua hangaia mō ngā mahi motuhake pēnei i te matauranga horihori, te tātari raraunga nui, me te hangarau IoT. Ka hiahiatia he hanganga maramara matatau me te motuhake mō tēnei.
Whakamutunga
Ko ngā whanaketanga o te hangarau hanga maramara he mea nui ki te whanaketanga o ngā waea atamai e whakamahia ana e tātou i ēnei rā. Mai i ngā tukanga tuhi tino tika ki te whakamahinga o ngā rauemi hou me ngā wero o te heke mai, ka whanake tonu te hangarau hanga maramara hei whakatutuki i ngā hiahia e piki haere tonu ana. Nō reira, ehara i te mea ko te hanga maramara anake te tūāpapa o te hangarau waea atamai engari ko te heke mai hoki o te auahatanga hangarau whānui.
