Me pēhea te tatau tika i te tawhiti o te haerenga kaipuke
Mō te whakatere waka, ko tētahi o ngā āhuatanga tino nui hei mārama, hei matatau hoki, ko te tatau i ngā maero o te kaipuke. Mā te tatau tika i ngā maero o te kaipuke, ehara i te mea ka āwhina noa i te whakamahere huarahi me ngā wā taenga mai, engari ka āwhina hoki i te whakahaere wahie me te haumaru. Ka matapakihia e tēnei tuhinga ngā mahi me ngā tikanga ka taea te whakamahi hei tatau tika i ngā maero o te kaipuke .
1. Te Whakamahi i ngā Tūtohi Moana
He taputapu matua ngā tūtohi moana mō te whakatere. Ka whakaratohia he mōhiohio taipitopito mō ngā wai, pērā i te hohonutanga o te moana, ngā wāhi kei reira ngā rama, me ngā huarahi whakatere e taunakitia ana. Hei tatau i te tawhiti mā te whakamahi i tētahi tūtohi moana:
– Te taahiraa tuatahi: Whakatauhia ngā wāhi wehenga atu me ngā wāhi ūnga atu i runga i te mapi moana.
– Te taahiraa tuarua: Whakamahia he rūri mapi, he mīhini tātuhi rānei hei ine i te tawhiti i waenganui i ngā pūwāhi e rua.
– Hipanga tuatoru: He tauine motuhake kei ngā tūtohi moana, hei tauira, 1:100,000, ko te tikanga ko te 1 henimita i runga i te mapi e tohu ana i te 1 kiromita i te ao tūturu. Tahurihia ngā inenga i runga i te mapi ki ngā waeine tūturu mā te whakamahi i tēnei tauine.
2. Ngā Taputapu Hiko me ngā Pūnaha Whakatere
Nā te whanaketanga o te hangarau, he maha ngā kaipuke kua rite ki ngā momo taputapu. taputapu whakatere hiko pērā i te GPS (Global Positioning System) me te ECDIS (Electronic Chart Display and Information System). Mā ēnei taputapu ka māmā ake, ka tika ake hoki te tatau i te tawhiti i haerea.
– GPS: Mā tēnei taputapu ka whakaratohia ngā taunga kaipuke i te wā tūturu. Mā te whakauru i tētahi wāhi ūnga, ka taea e te GPS te tatau tika i te tawhiti i haerea.
– ECDIS: Ka whakamahia e tēnei taputapu ngā mapi hiko, ā, he āhuatanga anō hoki hei tuhi aunoa i ngā ara. Whakauruhia noa te ara e hiahiatia ana e koe, ā, ka tatauhia e te pūnaha te tawhiti.
3. Ngā Tātai mō te Tere, te Wā, me te Tawhiti
Ko te mahi e whai ake nei ko te whakamahi i ngā tātai taketake mō te tere, te wā, me te tawhiti. Ko ēnei tātai:
\[ Tawhiti = Tere \whakanuia ki te Wā \]
Hei tauira, ki te tere te kaipuke i te tere o te 20 knots mō te 5 hāora, ka taea te tatau i te tawhiti i haerea mā te:
\[ Tawhiti = 20 \text{ pona} \times 5 \text{ hāora} = 100 \text{ maero moana} \]
Kia maumahara ko te 1 knot he rite ki te 1 maero moana ia hāora, ā, ko te 1 maero moana he rite ki te 1,852 kiromita. Nō reira, he maha ngā wā ka inehia te tawhiti o ngā kaipuke ki ngā maero moana.
4. Te Tātai i te Tawhiti Haere me te Etmal
Ko te kupu "etmal" i roto i te ao kaipuke e pā ana ki te tawhiti e haerea ana e te kaipuke i roto i ngā haora 24. Hei tatau i te "etmal":
– Te taahiraa tuatahi: Tuhia te tūranga o te kaipuke (ngā taunga) i tētahi wā, hei tauira, 12 i te poutumarotanga.
– Te taahiraa tuarua: I muri i ngā hāora 24, tuhia anō te tūranga o te kaipuke i taua wā anō.
– Hipanga tuatoru: Whakamahia te GPS, tētahi atu taputapu whakatere rānei hei tatau i te tawhiti i waenga i ngā taunga e rua.
Mā tēnei tikanga ka kitea he tirohanga whānui mō te mahi a te kaipuke i ia rā, i ia rā, ā, e whakamahia ana i roto i ngā pūrongo whakatere o ia rā.
5. Te tatau i te tawhiti i haerea mā te whakamahi i tētahi pukapuka takiuru
He tuhinga nui te pukapuka takiuru, te pukapuka whakatere rānei, hei pupuri i ngā tuhinga o ia rā mō tētahi haerenga. Ahakoa he tikanga tuku iho tēnei, he mea nui tonu, inā koa mō ngā kaipuke kāore i te whai pukapuka takiuru. ngā taputapu whakatere hou.
– Te taahiraa tuatahi: Tuhia te tūranga me te wā wehenga ki te pukapuka takiuru.
– Te taahiraa tuarua: Tuhia te tūranga o te kaipuke i ngā wā ōrite (hei tauira, i ia 2 hāora).
– Te taahiraa tuatoru: Tātaihia te tawhiti i waenga i ngā tuhipoka tūranga mā te whakamahi i te tauine tūtohi moana, i tētahi atu taputapu whakatere rānei.
Me tino tika te tuhi i tēnei tikanga, ā, he maha ngā wā ka whakamahia hei tārua mēnā ka pā he raruraru ki te pūnaha hiko.
6. Te Whakamahi i ngā Ripanga Tawhiti
Ko te ripanga tawhiti he ripanga e whakarārangi ana i ngā tawhiti i waenga i ngā tauranga rerekē, i ngā pūwāhi whakatere motuhake rānei. He maha ngā whakahaere kaipuke me ngā umanga whakatere e whakarato ana i ngā ripanga tawhiti, e tino āwhina ana i ngā kaiwhakatere ki te whakamahere huarahi.
– Te taahiraa tuatahi: Kimihia ngā pūwāhi tīmatanga me ngā pūwāhi ūnga i te ripanga tawhiti.
– Hipanga tuarua: Tuhia ngā tawhiti e whakaaturia ana i te ripanga. Ko te tikanga ka hurihia ēnei tawhiti ki ngā maero moana, ā, he tino āwhina mō te whakamahere tika me te kore e ine i runga i te mapi.
7. Te Awe o ngā Ia Moana me ngā Āhua o te Huarere
I te tātaitanga i te tawhiti, he mea nui anō hoki kia whakaarohia ngā āhuatanga o waho pērā i ngā ia o te moana me ngā āhuatanga o te rangi. Ka taea e ngā ia o te moana te whakatere, te whakaroa rānei i te tere o te kaipuke i runga i tōna ahunga.
– Te au i te ahunga kotahi me te haerenga: Ka taea te whakaiti i te wā haere, me te pai ake o te penapena wahie.
– Te au e anga ke ana ki te haerenga: Ka taea te whakanui ake i te wā haere, me te nui ake o te whakapaunga wahie.
Me whai whakaaro hoki ki ngā pānga o te hau me ngā ngaru, nā te mea ka pā ki te mahi a te kaipuke. Ko ngā raraunga huarere me ngā matapae ngaru ka riro mai i ngā ratonga huarere moana, ka taea te uru atu ki ēnei i te wā tonu mā roto i ngā taputapu whakatere hiko.
8. Te Whakamahi i te Pūmanawa Whakatere me ngā Utauta Whakamahere
He maha ngā pūmanawa whakatere me ngā taputapu whakamahere e wātea ana hei āwhina i ngā kaiwhakatere ki te tatau i ngā tawhiti kia pai ake ai te whai hua. He maha ngā wā ka whakauruhia ēnei taputapu ki ngā pūoko kaipuke me ngā raraunga huarere hei whakarato i ngā tataunga tika ake.
– Pūmanawa Whakatere: Pērā i a MaxSea, i a NaviPlanner rānei, ka taea te āwhina i te tuhi huarahi me te tatau aunoa i ngā tawhiti.
– Ngā Utauta Whakamahere: Pērā i a Polaris, i te Nautical Almanac rānei, e āwhina ana ki te whakamahere huarahi me te tatau i ngā tawhiti, ā, kei roto hoki ngā āhuatanga o waho i roto i ā rātou tataunga.
Whakamutunga
He pūkenga nui te tatau tika i ngā maero o te kaipuke mō tētahi kaiwhakatere. Mā te mārama me te whakamahi i ngā tikanga me ngā taputapu kua kōrerotia i runga ake nei, ka taea e koe te whakarite i ngā tatau tika me te haumaru o te whakatere. Hei tāpiri, ka āwhina hoki tēnei mōhiotanga ki te whakahaere wahie me te whakamahere wā taenga mai. Ahakoa he māmā ake te hangarau i tēnei tukanga, me mārama tonu te māramatanga taketake me ngā pūkenga ā-ringa hei matapae i ngā āhuatanga ohorere, i ngā rahunga rānei o te pūnaha hiko. Nō reira, ko te mōhio ki te tatau i ngā maero o te kaipuke he taahiraa nui hei whakarite i tētahi haerenga angitu me te whai hua.
